An Introduction to

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An Introduction to

LITERATURE
FOR COMPOSITION

ELEVENTH EDITION

SYLVAN BARNET WILLIAM BURTO WILLIAM E. CAIN CHERYL NIXON

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E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N

for Composition
An Introduction to

Sylvan Barnet
Tufts University

William Burto
University of Massachusetts at Lowell

William E. Cain
Wellesley College

Cheryl L. Nixon
University of Massachusetts at Boston

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Names: Barnet, Sylvan, editor. | Burto, William, editor. | Cain, William E.,
date-editor. | Pearson, Cheryl L. Nixon, editor.
Title: for composition : an introduction to literature /
[edited
by] Sylvan Barnet, William Burto, William E. Cain, Cheryl L. Nixon Pearson.
Description: Eleventh edition. | Boston : Pearson, 2016. | Previous editions
had other title information: essays, stories, poems, and plays. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015048640| ISBN 9780134099149 (student edition) | ISBN
0134099141 (student edition) | ISBN 9780134101774 (exam copy) | ISBN
0134101774 (exam copy)
Subjects: LCSH: College readers. | English language—Rhetoric—Problems,
exercises, etc. | Criticism—Authorship—Problems, exercises, etc. |
Academic writing—Problems, exercises, etc.
Classification: LCC PE1417 .L633 2016 | DDC 808/.0427—dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015048640

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Contents

Contents by Genre xxiii
Preface xxvii

P A R T I

Thinking Critically about

C H A P T E R 1   How to Write an Effective Essay about
: A Crash Course 1

The Basic Strategy 1
Reading Closely: Approaching a First Draft 2

✔ Checklist: Generating Ideas for a Draft 5
Writing and Revising: Achieving a Readable Draft 6

✔ Checklist: Writing and Revising a Draft 9
Revising: Working with Peer Review 9
Preparing the Final Draft 10

C H A P T E R 2   How to Engage in Critical Thinking about
: A Crash Course 11

The Basic Strategy 11
What Is Critical Thinking? 12
How Do We Engage in Critical Thinking? 13
Close Reading 14

✔ Checklist: Close Reading 15
Analysis: Inquiry, Interpretation, Argument 15

Inquiry 16
✔ Checklist: Inquiry and Question-Asking 17
Interpretation 18
✔ Checklist: Interpretation 19
Argument 19
✔ Checklist: Argument 20

Comparison and Synthesis 21
✔ Checklist: Comparison and Synthesis 22

Revision and Self-Awareness 22
Standing Back: Kinds of Writing 23
Nonanalytical versus Analytical Writing 23

v

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vi    Contents

C H A P T E R 3   The Writer as Reader 25
Reading and Responding 25

KATE CHOPIN • Ripe Figs 25
Reading as Re-creation 26
Reading for Understanding: Collecting Evidence and Making Reasonable

Inferences 27
Reading with Pen in Hand: Close Reading and Annotation 28
Reading for Response: Recording First Reactions 29
Reading for Inquiry: Ask Questions and Brainstorm Ideas 30
Reading in Context: Identifying Your Audience and Purpose 31

From Reading to Writing: Developing an Analytical Essay with an
Argumentative Thesis 32

Student Analytical Essay: “Images of Ripening in Kate Chopin’s ‘Ripe Figs’” 32
The Analytical Essay: Argument and Structure Analyzed 34
The Writing Process: From First Responses to Final Essay 35
Other Possibilities for Writing 37

From Reading to Writing: Moving from Brainstorming to Analytical Essay 37
BRUCE HOLLAND ROGERS • Three Soldiers 37
The Writing Process: From Response Writing to Final Essay 38
Student Analytical Essay: “Thinking about Three Soldiers Thinking” 39
The Analytical Essay: The Development of Ideas Analyzed 42

From Reading to Writing: Moving from Preliminary Outline to Analytical Essay 43
RAY BRADBURY • August 2026: There Will Come Soft Rains 43
The Writing Process: From Outlining to Final Essay 47
Student Analytical Essay: “The Lesson of ‘August 2026’” 48

Your Turn: Additional Stories for Analysis 51
MICHELE SERROS • Senior Picture Day 51
HARUKI MURAKAMI • On Seeing the 100% Perfect Girl One Beautiful

April Morning 56
JOHN UPDIKE • A & P 59

C H A P T E R 4   The Reader as Writer 64
Developing Ideas through Close Reading and Inquiry 64

Getting Ideas 64
Annotating a Text 64
KATE CHOPIN • The Story of an Hour 65
Brainstorming Ideas 66
Focused Freewriting 67
Listing Ideas, Details, and Quotations 67
Asking Questions 68
Keeping a Journal 69

Developing a Thesis through Critical Thinking 70
Arguing with Yourself 70
Arguing a Thesis 71
✔ Checklist: The Thesis Sentence 72

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Contents    vii

From Reading to Writing to Revising: Drafting an Argument in an Analytical Essay 72
Student Analytical Essay: “Ironies in an Hour” (Preliminary Draft) 73
Revising an Argument 75
Outlining an Argument 75
Soliciting Peer Review, Thinking about Counterarguments 76

From Reading to Writing to Revising: Finalizing an Analytical Essay 77
Student Analytical Essay: “Ironies of Life in Kate Chopin’s ‘The Story of an

Hour’” (Final Draft) 77
The Analytical Essay: The Final Draft Analyzed 80

From Reading to Writing to Revising: Drafting an Analytical Essay 80
KATE CHOPIN • Désirée’s Baby 80
Student Analytical Essay: “Race and Identity in ‘Désirée’s Baby’” 84

From Reading to Writing to Revising: Drafting a Comparison Essay 87
KATE CHOPIN • The Storm 87
Student Comparison Essay: “Two New Women” 91
The Comparison Essay: Organization Analyzed 94

Your Turn: Additional Stories for Analysis 95
DAGOBERTO GILB • Love in L.A. 95
ELIZABETH TALLENT • No One’s a Mystery 97
JUNOT DíAZ • How to Date a Brown Girl (Black Girl, White Girl, or Halfie) 100
T. CORAGHESSAN BOYLE • Greasy Lake 103
MARY HOOD • How Far She Went 110

C H A P T E R 5   The Pleasures of Reading, Writing, and
Thinking about 116

The Pleasures of 116
ALLEN WOODMAN • Wallet 117

The Pleasures of Analyzing the Texts That Surround Us 118
The Pleasures of Authoring Texts 119
The Pleasures of Interacting with Texts 120
Interacting with Fiction: as Connection 121

JAMAICA KINCAID • Girl 122
Personal Response Essay 123

Student Personal Response Essay: “The Narrator in Jamaica Kincaid’s ‘Girl’:
Questioning the Power of Voice” 123

Interacting with Graphic Fiction: as (Making and Breaking) Rules 127
LYNDA BARRY • Before You Write 128

Interacting with Poetry: as Language 129
JULIA BIRD  • 14: a txt msg poM 130
BILLY COLLINS  • Twitter Poem 131

Interacting with Drama: as Performance 131
OSCAR WILDE  • Excerpt from The Importance of Being Earnest 132

Interacting with Essays: as Discovery 134
ANNA LISA RAYA  • It’s Hard Enough Being Me 135

Your Turn: Additional Poems, Stories, and Essay for
Pleasurable Analysis 138

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viii    Contents

Poems
JIMMY SANTIAGO BACA • Green Chile 138
ALBERTO RIOS • Nani 140
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS • This Is Just to Say 141
HELEN CHASIN • The Word Plum 142
GARY SOTO  • Oranges 143
SARAH N. CLEGHORN • The Golf Links 145
STEVIE SMITH • Not Waving but Drowning 145

Stories
AMBROSE BIERCE • An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge 146
MARGARET ATWOOD • Happy Endings 153

Essay
GEORGE SAUNDERS • Commencement Speech on Kindness 156

P A R T I I

Writing Arguments about

C H A P T E R 6   Close Reading: Paraphrase, Summary,
and Explication 165

What Is ? 165
and Form 165
Form and Meaning 167
ROBERT FROST • The Span of Life 167

Close Reading: Reading in Slow Motion 169
Exploring a Poem and Its Meaning 170

LANGSTON HUGHES • Harlem 170
Paraphrase 171
Summary 173
Explication 175

Working toward an Explication 176
Student Explication Essay: “Langston Hughes’s ‘Harlem’” 178

Explication as Argument 180
✔ Checklist: Drafting an Explication 182
Student Argumentative Explication Essay: “Giving Stamps Personality in

‘Stamp Collecting’” 182
CATHY SONG • Stamp Collecting 183

Your Turn: Additional Poems for Explication 187
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE • Sonnet 73 188
JOHN DONNE • Holy Sonnet XIV 189
EMILY BRONTË • Spellbound 189
LI-YOUNG LEE • I Ask My Mother to Sing 190
RANDALL JARRELL • The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner 191

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Contents    ix

C H A P T E R 7   Analysis: Inquiry, Interpretation,
and Argument 192

Analysis 192
Understanding Analysis as a Process of Inquiry, Interpretation, and Argument 193
Analyzing a Story from the Hebrew Bible: The Judgment of Solomon 194

The Judgment of Solomon 194
Developing an Analysis of the Story 195
Opening Up Additional Ways to Analyze the Story 196

Analyzing a Story from the New Testament: The Parable of the Prodigal Son 197
The Parable of the Prodigal Son 198
Asking Questions that Trigger an Analysis of the Story 198

From Inquiry to Interpretation to Argument: Developing an Analytical Paper 199
ERNEST HEMINGWAY • Cat in the Rain 200
Close Reading 202
Inquiry Questions 203
Interpretation Brainstorming 204
The Argument-Centered Paper 205
Student Argument Essay: “Hemingway’s American Wife” 206
From Inquiry to an Analytical Paper: A Second Example 208
Student Analytical Essay: “Hemingway’s Unhappy Lovers” 210

Breaking Down the Analytical Essay 213
Choosing a Topic and Developing a Thesis 213
Developing an Argument 215

Introductory Paragraphs 215
Middle Paragraphs 217
Concluding Paragraphs 218
Coherence in Paragraphs: Using Transitions 219
✔ Checklist: Revising Paragraphs 219

From Inquiry to Interpretation to Argument: Organizing Ideas in an
Analytical Paper 220

JAMES JOYCE • Araby 220
Finding and Organizing an Interpretation 224
Student Analytical Essay: “Everyday and Imagined Settings in ‘Araby’” 226

From Inquiry to Interpretation to Argument: Maintaining an Interpretation in an
Analytical Paper 231

APHRA BEHN • Song: Love Armed 231
Maintaining Interpretive Interest Notes 231
Student Analytical Essay: “The Double Nature of Love” 233
✔ Checklist: Editing a Draft 235

Your Turn: Additional Short Stories and Poems for Analysis 236
Stories

EDGAR ALLAN POE • The Cask of Amontillado 236
LESLIE MARMON SILKO • The Man to Send Rain Clouds 242

Poems
BILLY COLLINS • Introduction to Poetry 245
ROBERT FROST • The Road Not Taken 246

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x    Contents

JOHN KEATS • Ode on a Grecian Urn 247
MARTÍN ESPADA • Bully 249

C H A P T E R 8   Pushing Analysis Further: Reinterpreting
and Revising 251

Interpretation and Meaning 251
Is the Author’s Intention a Guide to Meaning? 252
What Characterizes a Sound Interpretation? 252
Interpreting Pat Mora’s “Immigrants” 253
PAT MORA • Immigrants 254
✔ Checklist: Developing an Interpretation 255

Strategy #1: Pushing Analysis by Rethinking First Responses 255
JEFFREY WHITMORE • Bedtime Story 257
DOUGLAS L. HASKINS • Hide and Seek 258
MARK PLANTS • Equal Rites 258

Strategy #2: Pushing Analysis by Exploring Literary Form 259
✔ Checklist: Using Formal Evidence in an Analytical Essay 260
LANGSTON HUGHES • Mother to Son 261
Student Analytical Essay: “Accepting the Challenge of a Difficult Climb in

Langston Hughes’s ‘Mother to Son’” 264
Strategy # 3: Pushing Analysis by Emphasizing Concepts and Insights 268

ROBERT FROST • Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 269
Student Analytical Essay: “Stopping by Woods—and Going On” 270
Analyzing the Analytical Essay’s Development of a Conceptual

Interpretation 273
Student Analytical Essay: “‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’ as a

Short Story” 274
Strategy #4: Pushing Analysis through Revision 278

Revising for Ideas versus Mechanics 278
Revising Using Instructor Feedback, Peer Feedback, and Self-Critique 278
Examining a Preliminary Draft with Revision in Mind 279
HA JIN • Saboteur 280
Student Analytical Essay: “Morals in Ha Jin’s ‘Saboteur’” (Preliminary Draft) 287
Developing a Revision Strategy: Thesis, Ideas, Evidence, Organization, and

Correctness 288
✔ Revision Checklist 289
Student Analytical Essay: “Individual and Social Morals in Ha Jin’s ‘Saboteur’”

(Final Draft) 291
Your Turn: Additional Poems and Story for Interpretation 297
Poems

T. S. ELIOT • The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 297
THOMAS HARDY • The Man He Killed 301
ANNE BRADSTREET • Before the Birth of One of Her Children 302
CHRISTINA ROSSETTI • After Death 303
FRED CHAPPELL • Narcissus and Echo 304

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Contents    xi

Story
JOYCE CAROL OATES • Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? 305

C H A P T E R 9  Comparison and Synthesis 317
Comparison and Critical Thinking 317
Organizing a Comparison Essay 318
Comparison and Close Reading 320
Comparison and Asking Questions 322
Comparison and Analyzing Evidence 323
Comparison and Arguing with Yourself 323

E. E. CUMMINGS • Buffalo Bill ’s 324
✔ Checklist: Developing a Comparison 328

Synthesis through Close Reading: Analyzing a Revised Short Story 328
RAYMOND CARVER • Mine 329
RAYMOND CARVER  • Little Things 330

Synthesis through Building a Concept Bridge: Connecting Two Poems 332
THYLIAS MOSS • Tornados 333
KWAME DAWES • Tornado Child 333

Synthesis Using Theme 336
SANDRA CISNEROS • Barbie-Q 337
MARYANNE O’HARA • Diverging Paths and All That 338
JAYNE ANNE PHILLIPS • Sweethearts 339

Synthesis Using Form 341
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE • Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee to a

Summer’s Day? 342
HOWARD MOSS • Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? 342
Student Comparison Essay: “Condensing Shakespeare: A Comic Re-writing of a

Shakespeare Sonnet” 342
✔ Checklist: Revising a Comparison 348

Your Turn: Additional Poems and Stories for Comparison and Synthesis 348
Carpe Diem (“Seize The Day”) Poems

ROBERT HERRICK • To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time 348
CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE • The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 349
SIR WALTER RALEIGH • The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd 350
ANDREW MARVELL • To His Coy Mistress 351
JOHN DONNE • The Bait 353

Poems about Blackberries
GALWAY KINNELL • Blackberry Eating 354
SYLVIA PLATH  • Blackberrying 355
SEAMUS HEANEY • Blackberry-Picking 356
YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA • Blackberries 357

Poems about America
WALT WHITMAN • I Hear America Singing 359
LANGSTON HUGHES • I, Too [Sing America] 359

Stories about Reading and Writing

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xii    Contents

JULIO CORTÁZAR • The Continuity of Parks 361
A. M. HOMES • Things You Should Know 362

Stories about Grandmothers
LAN SAMANTHA CHANG • Water Names 364
KATHERINE ANNE PORTER • The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 368

C H A P T E R 10  Research: Writing with Sources 374
Creating a Successful Research Plan 374

Enter Research with a Plan of Action 374
What Resources Does Your Institution Offer? 375
What Type of Research Do You Want to Do? 376

Selecting a Research Topic and Generating Research Questions 376
Use Close Reading as Your Starting Point 376
Select Your Topic 377
Skim Resources through Preliminary Research 377
Narrow Your Topic, and Form a Working Thesis 377
Generate Key Concepts as Keywords 380
Create Inquiry Questions 380

Locating Materials through Productive Searches 381
Generate Meaningful Keywords 382
✔ Checklist: Creating Meaningful Keywords for a Successful Search 382

Using Academic Databases to Locate Materials 382
Search the MLA Database 382
Search Full-Text Academic Databases 383
Perform Advanced Keyword Searches 383
Evaluate the Results List, and Revise Your Search 384
Evaluate the Individual Titles 384

Using the Library Catalog to Locate Materials 385
Locate Books and Additional Resources 386
Use a Catalog Entry to Locate More Sources 386

Using the Internet to Perform Meaningful Research 387
Locate Academic Sites on the Internet 388
Locate Information-Rich Sites on the Internet 389
Avoid Commercial Sites on the Internet 389
Locate Well-known Literary Sites on the Internet 389
Locate Primary Sources on the Internet 389

Evaluating Sources for Academic Quality 390
✔ Checklist: Evaluating Web Sites for Quality 390

Evaluating Sources for Topic “Fit” 392
✔ Checklist: Evaluating Sources for Topic “Fit” 393

Taking Notes on Secondary Sources 395
A Guide to Note Taking 395

Drafting the Research Paper 399
Focus on Primary Sources 400

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Contents    xiii

Integrate Secondary Sources 400
Create a Relationship between Your Writing and the Source 400
Surround the Source with Your Writing 401
Agree with a Source in Order to Develop Your Ideas 401
Apply a Source in Order to Develop Your Ideas 401
Disagree with a Source in Order to Develop Your Ideas 402
Synthesize Critics’ Ideas to Show Scholarly Debate 403

Avoiding Plagiarism 403
Student Research Essay: “Dickinson’s Representation of Changing Seasons and

Changing Emotions” 404

P A R T I I I

Analyzing Literary Forms and Elements

C H A P T E R 11  Reading and Writing about Essays 415
Types of Essays 415
Elements of Essays 416

The Essayist’s Persona 416
Voice 417
Tone 417
Topic and Thesis 418
BRENT STAPLES • Black Men and Public Space 419
✔ Checklist: Getting Ideas for Writing about Essays 421

Student Writing Portfolio Summary Paper 422
Writing a Summary Paper 422
Annotation: Reading for Information 424
Note Taking: Using Inquiry Notes to Summarize Information 425

Inquiry: Paragraph-by-Paragraph Notes 425
Crafting a Thesis and Creating a Concise Summary 426

Drafting: Crafting a Strong Thesis 426
Drafting: Creating a Concise Summary 428
Student Summary Paragraph: Summary Paragraph on Staples

(Preliminary Draft) 429
Revision: Using a Revision Strategy 430

✔ Revision Checklist 430
Revision: Revising to Integrate Evidence 430
Student Summary Paragraph: “Exploring Racial Fear: A Summary of Brent

Staples’ ‘Black Men and Public Spaces’” (Final Draft) 431
Your Turn: Additional Essays for Analysis 431

LANGSTON HUGHES • Salvation 432
LAURA VANDERKAM • Hookups Starve the Soul 433
STEVEN DOLOFF • The Opposite Sex 435
GRETEL EHRLICH • About Men 437

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xiv    Contents

C H A P T E R 12  Reading and Writing about Stories 440
Stories True and False 440

GRACE PALEY • Samuel 441
Elements of Fiction 443

Character 443
Plot 444
Foreshadowing 445
Setting and Atmosphere 446
Symbolism 446
Narrative Point of View 448
Style and Point of View 449
Theme 450
WILLIAM FAULKNER • A Rose for Emily 451
✔ Checklist: Getting Ideas for Writing about Stories 457

Student Writing Portfolio Analytical Paper 460
Writing an Analytical Paper 460
Annotation: Reading for Form and Content 461
Note Taking: Using Inquiry Notes to Generate Ideas 462

Inquiry: Double- (or Triple-) Entry Notes 462
Inquiry: Listing Notes 463
Inquiry: Journal Writing 464

Drafting: Creating an Argument and Explaining Your Interpretation 465
Student Analytical Essay: “Homer’s Murder in ‘A Rose for Emily’”

(Preliminary Draft) 466
Revision: Using a Revision Strategy 469

✔ Revision Checklist 470
Revision: Revising to Strengthen the Thesis 470
Revision: Revising to Develop Ideas 471
Revision: Revising to Improve Organization 472
Student Analytical Essay: “The Townspeople’s Responsibility for

Homer’s Murder in ‘A Rose for Emily’” (Final Draft) 474
Your Turn: Additional Stories for Analysis 480

KATHERINE MANSFIELD • Miss Brill 481
TIM O’BRIEN • The Things They Carried 484
GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ • A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings:

A Tale for Children 495
An Author in Depth: Flannery O’Connor 500

FLANNERY O’CONNOR • A Good Man Is Hard to Find 500
Remarks from Essays and Letters 511

From “The Fiction Writer and His Country” 511
From “Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern Fiction” 512
From “The Nature and Aim of Fiction” 512
From “Writing Short Stories” 513
On Interpreting “A Good Man Is Hard to Find” 513
“A Reasonable Use of the Unreasonable” 514

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Contents    xv

C H A P T E R 13   Reading and Writing about
Graphic Fiction 517

Letters and Pictures, Words and Images 517
Reading an Image: A Short Story Told in One Panel 520

TONY CARRILLO • F Minus 520
Elements of Graphic …