Canadian History Essay Question

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1

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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Bumsted, J. M., 1938-, author
A history of the Canadian peoples / J.M. Bumsted,

Michael C. Bumsted. – Fifth edition.

Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-19-901491-0 (paperback)

1. Canada–History–Textbooks. 2. Canada–Biography–
Textbooks. I. Bumsted, Michael C., author II. Title.

FC164.B862 2016 971 C2015-906397-3

Background map image: © iStock/duncan1890; Biography box image: © iStock/duncan1890;
Backrounder box image: © iStock/Nic_Taylor; Document box image: © iStock/Linda Steward;

Histiography box image: © iStock/duncan1890; Material Culture box image: © iStock/juliedeshaies;
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Printed and bound in the United States of America

1 2 3 4 — 19 18 17 16

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Table of Contents
List of Maps vi

Preface vii

Introduction: Understanding History xii

1 The Beginnings 2

2 Europe Settles In: Newfoundland, Acadia, New France 38

3 Struggling for a Continent, 1627–1763 78

4 Becoming and Remaining British, 1759–1815 110

5 Relying on Resources, 1815–1840 150

6 Becoming a Nation, 1840–1885 196

7 Becoming Modern, 1885–1915 266

8 Two Wars and a Depression, 1914–1945 322

9 Prospering Together, 1945–1960 378

10 Edging towards the Abyss, 1958–1972 428

11 Coming Apart, 1972–1992 480

12 Freefalling into the Twenty-First Century, 1992–2001 526

13 Into the New Millennium 566

Epilogue: The Speed and Balance of Canadian History 597

References 601

Index 606

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List of Maps
Beringia: the “land bridge” at its greatest extent 7

L’Anse aux Meadows 15

Cartier’s first and second voyages 20

Map of the North Pole, 1595, by Gerardus Mercator 21

Distribution of Aboriginal peoples and language areas
in the sixteenth century 29

Historic sites: exploration and early European
settlement 33

Acadia and environs to 1670 44

Champlain’s map of New France, 1632 51

New France in 1688 69

The Île d’Orléans and north and south shores of the St
rence, 1709 73

Early untitled map showing rivers flowing into marine
waters north of Churchill Fort 82

European possessions in North America after the peace
of Utrecht (1713) 89

Louisbourg in 1734 91

“A Map of the South Part of Nova Scotia and its Fishing
Banks,” by Thomas Jefferys, 1750 99

A map by Thomas Jefferys showing the British claims
to Acadia 100

The war in 1755 101

The environs of Quebec, a 1760 map by Thomas
Jefferys 106

“A Map of the Country which was the scene of
operations of the Northern Army; including
the Wilderness through which General Arnold
marched to attack Quebec” 121

“The country of the Five Nations” 124

Upper Canada and the War of 1812 140

British America in 1825 153

The Oregon Territory 156

British America in 1849 172

Southwestern Lower Canada in 1837 190

Historic sites: the 1837–8 rebellions 191

Canada West, railways and urban centres, 1861 204

Canada in 1873 239

The numbered treaties, 1871–1921 253

Canada in 1882 256

Battle of Batoche 259

Canada in 1898 and 1905 295

Canada in 1949 401

The DEW Line and Mid-Canada Line 411

Map of the Asbestos area east of Montreal 414

Canada in 1999 554

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• Balanced, accessible coverage. The wide-ranging stories of Canada’s social, political, cultural, economic, and
military past are carefully integrated into a well-structured, compelling narrative, prefaced by a unique essay on
the importance of studying history today.

During World War II, thousands of women worked in Canadian industrial plants manufacturing war materials. Taken in December
of 1943, this picture shows Cecilia Butler working in a munitions plant in Toronto, Ontario. Obviously staged, the photograph presents
war-time Canada as a racially tolerant, multi-ethnic society. National Film Board of Canada. Photothèque, LAC, e000761869.

Two Wars and a
Depression, 1914–19458

586 A History of the Canadian Peoples

Canadian Society
and Culture in the
Meltdown Era
Given the volatility and complexity of developments in
the new millennium, it was hardly surprising that social
and cultural signals in Canada often were difficult to
interpret. Only a few examples of the difficulties can be
explored here.

Boomers, Sandwiches,
and Boomerangs

The constraints of a static economy in the twenty-first
century have led to an increased visibility of certain
social phenomena relating to households and families:
sandwiched parents and boomerang kids. Sandwiched
parents, all members of the baby-boom generation, are
those caring simultaneously for aging parents on the
one hand and adult children on the other. According
to the 2011 census, 42.3 per cent of young adults aged
20–29 were still living with their parents, a figure up

mean that women are not supposed to have the

same basic needs and that they are not thought of

in the same way that men are? I still think our polit-

ical system is absorbing the shock of having women

in it. After all, things don’t integrate that quickly, and

it has only been eighty years since women were

declared persons.

Many students of the psyche tell us that the

best-developed personality contains elements of the

masculine and feminine, but Jung talks about the soul

in each of us, the anima in the man and the animus in

the woman. It is only when you are aware of where

your soul is located, and how to properly express it,

that you are able to become fully developed.

What I have seen in political life has made me real-

ize that the anima in male politicians may be there but is

quite often described as a killer anima—that is, a mon-

strous feminine streak that attempts to kill their human-

ity, strangle it at birth as it were. The same thing can

happen to a woman with a killer animus. But politics is

the place where you see men behaving this way with

the most blatant freedom. The system of competition,

of winning, of annihilating, encourages this behaviour.

When this is all there is, the direction of a country

is lost. We know that people develop disgust or dis-

taste for what they can see is a dehumanizing attempt

to use power, which, after all, is given only temporar-

ily to those who are elected.

Source: Adrienne Clarkson, Heart Matters (Toronto: Penguin Canada, 2007), 215–16.

Table 13.3 Public Approval Rates (%) on
Hot-Button Social Issues in Canada, the United
States, and United Kingdom, 2013

Issue Canada

United

States

United

Kingdom

Contraception 91 79 91

Sexual relations

between

unmarried

partners

83 59 82

Divorce 80 65 70

Having children

outside of

marriage

78 53 74

Gambling 70 63 60

Stem cell

research

65 52 56

Doctor assisted

suicide

65 35 61

Same-sex

sexual relations

64 40 55

Abortion 60 36 54

Death penalty 53 58 50

Source: The Economist, 13 September 2004, 42.

Preface
From the Publisher
Oxford University Press is delighted to present the fifth edition of A History of the Canadian Peoples by J.M. Bumsted
and Michael C. Bumsted. For nearly two decades, the textbook has offered students of Canadian history a rich and
nuanced picture of Canada from pre-contact times to the present, through a balanced selection of historical perspec-
tives and primary-source documents brought together into an articulate overarching narrative. The new edition has
been thoroughly revised and updated with the addition of new pedagogical features; new full-colour images and
corresponding captions; expanded coverage of Aboriginal peoples, women, and children; greater emphasis of the
pre-Confederation period; and up-to-date treatment of the twenty-first-century events that have shaped the cultural
and political landscape of this country.

Outstanding Features of the Fifth Edition

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viii Preface

• NEW! Material Culture
boxes. A newly created
set of boxes, highlighting
the relationship between
people and their things,
explores items of
historical significance
and how they impact the
story of Canada’s past.

• Biographical portraits.
A wealth of boxes profile
the women and men,
both famous and lesser
known, who played
a role in the story of
Canada’s past.

• Primary-source material. A
vast selection of excerpted
historical documents—from
maps and journal entries
to white papers and Royal
Commission reports—gives
students the chance to work
with the raw materials of
Canadian history.

• NEW! Historiographical
essays. Written by a
selection of historians from
across the country and the
authors, new end-of-chapter
historiographical essays
help students conceptualize
how historians “do” history,
highlight ongoing research,
and reveal the value of
studying history.

3658 | Two Wars and a Depression, 1914–1945

Radio Programming, 1939

Document

Network Highlights
cbc

7:00 Songs of the World
7:30 Percy Faith’s Music
8:00 Sunset Symphony
8:30 Nature Talk
9:15 Sunset Symphony
10:00 Everyman Theatre

Nbc—bLUE
7:30 Idea Mart
8:00 Kay Kyser’s Quiz
8:30 Fred Waring Orch.
10:30 Lights Out

cbS

9:00 Amos ’n’ Andy
9:30 Paul Whiteman orch.

Station Programs
5:00 The Lone Ranger, sketch—cKy
5:00 Dinner concert—cbc-cjRc, cbK
5:00 Fred Waring Orch.—KFyR
5:30 crackerjacks, songs—cbc-cjRc, cbK
5:30 jimmy Allen, sketch—cKy
5:45 Howie Wing, sketch—cjRc
5:45 Waltz Time—cKy
5:45 canadian Outdoor Days, Ozark Ripley—

cbc-cbK . . .
7:00 Songs of the World, mixed choir, Montreal—

cbc-cKy

7:00 Reports—cjRc

7:00 Horse and buggy Days, songs of the 90s—
KFyR

7:00 Percy Faith’s Music; George Murray, Dorothy
Alt, soloists, Toronto—cbc-cKy, cbK

7:30 Modern Music Maestros—cjRc
7:30 Idea Mart—KFyR
8:00 Interview from London, from bbc—cbc-

cKy, cbK
8:00 Reports, blaine Edwards, organ—cjRc
8:00 Kay Kyser’s college, musical quiz—Nbc—

KFy until 9.
8:15 Teller of curious Tales—cjRc
8:30 Dan McMurray’s Nature Talk, bank cbc-

cKy, cbK
8:30 Five Esquires—cjRc
8:45 Lieder Recital—cbc-cKy, cbK
9:00 canadian Press News—cbc-cKy, cbK
9:00 Reports; Piano Moods—cjRc
9:00 Amos ’n’ Andy, sketch—cbS-WjR, WccO,

KMOx, KbL
9:00 Fred Waring Orch.—Nbc-KFTR, WHO, WLW
9:15 Summer Symphony, G. Waddington con-

ducting from Walker Theatre, Winnipeg—
cbc-cKy, cbK, cjRc, until 10.

9:30 Milt North Trio, WKNR
9:30 Tommy Dorsey Orch.—Nbc-KOR
9:30 Horace Heidt Orch.—Nbc-KFyR
9:30 Paul Whiteman Orch., guests—cbS-WccO,

KMOx, KSL
9:45 Reports—cjRc

Wednesday 2 August

Source: Winnipeg Tribune, 2 August 1939, 2.

3738 | Two Wars and a Depression, 1914–1945

Studying Canada’s Military Effort in World War I

Roger Sarty, Wilfrid Laurier University

Personal favourites, among many short, introductory
accounts, are D.J. Goodspeed, The Road Past Vimy: The
Canadian Corps 1914–1918 (Toronto, 1969) and Terry
Copp, Matt Symes, and Nick Lachance, Canadian
Battlefields 1915–1918 (Waterloo, Ont., 2011).

Books about Canada’s role began to appear dur-
ing the conflict1 and continued to pour forth in the
following decades. These included memoirs, popular
works, and regimental histories. Many are still very
useful. The regimental histories, for example, present
detailed accounts of operations and sketches of person-
alities available nowhere else.2 Among the most distin-
guished memoirs are those of the wartime leader, Prime
Minister Robert Borden, assembled by his nephew, who
drew heavily on Borden’s papers.3

The project initiated by the Department of National
Defence for an eight-volume official history, however,
produced only the first volume and a supporting vol-
ume of documents. These appeared in 1938 and cover
the initial year of the war. Immensely detailed, they
are still an essential resource.4 A full official account of
Canadian participation in land warfare—nearly 500,000
Canadian troops served overseas—appeared in a single
volume in 1962.5 Colonel G.W.L. Nicholson, a senior
member of the professional Army Historical Section,
and the noted academic C.P. Stacey led the team that
was organized during and after World War II to work on
this history. They drew on the vast archives organized
by the original historical section and the book is still the
best starting place.

Nicholson produced two other thoroughly refer-
enced, foundational volumes. The Fighting Newfound­
lander: A History of The Royal Newfoundland Regiment
(St John’s: Government of Newfoundland, 1964) is the
first comprehensive account of the extraordinary sac-
rifice by this British Dominion, separate from Canada,
that did not join Confederation until 1949. Nicholson’s

The Gunners of Canada: The History of the Royal Regiment
of Canadian Artillery, vol.1, 1534–1919 (Toronto and
Montreal, 1967) details the organization and oper-
ations of the immensely powerful artillery arm of the
Canadian Corps, which was a key element in its formid-
able striking power.

Canada’s large contribution to the air war—the
provision of some 20,000 personnel to the British fly-
ing services—was the least well recorded part of the
military effort. This was belatedly corrected when
the Army Historical Section became the tri-service
Directorate of History in 1965 and focused on aviation
history. S.F. Wise, Canadian Airmen in the First World
War, The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air
Force, vol. 1 ([Toronto], 1980)is still a foremost author-
ity on not just the Canadian role, but on aviation more
generally during World War I.

At the leading edge of scholarly work that started in
the 1960s with the opening of government archives was
Robert Craig Brown’s biography, Robert Laird Borden: A
Biography, 2 vols (Toronto, 1975–80). Another bench-
mark in superbly researched biography is Michael
Bliss’s volume on Sir Joseph Flavelle,6 who headed
munitions production in Canada from 1916 to 1918.
This is the fullest published account of Canada’s indus-
trial effort. Strong in its research on both the home front
and the overseas effort is Ronald G. Haycock’s life of
Sir Sam Hughes, Minister of Militia and Defence from
1911 until 1916, when Prime Minister Borden finally
lost patience with Hughes’s erratic, scandal-prone
administration.7 General Sir Arthur Currie, the militia
officer who succeeded brilliantly on the battlefield and
commanded the Canadian Corps in 1917–18, has had
three major biographies written about him, all well
worth consulting.8

Robert Craig Brown joined Ramsay Cook to pro-
duce a survey of signal importance, Canada 1896–1921:

Historiography

1595 | Relying on Resources, 1815–1840

The holds of timber ships like that pictured here car-

ried thousands of immigrants to Canada on their voy-

age (usually 10 to 12weeks in duration) from the British

Isles in the nineteenth century. Although the British

government continually passed legislation improving

provisioning of food and water and controlling num-

bers, it never really altered the primitiveness of the

space itself. At first glance, the timber trade seemed

a perfect fit for developing colonies. Timbering

removed a major impediment to agricultural settle-

ment: trees. From the standpoint of the incoming

settler trees were the enemy, for fields could not be

plowed and seeded until the trees were gone. The

need for removal was so urgent that settlers would

often burn forests in vast fires if no other way existed

to clear them. Fortunately, entrepreneurs could often

be found to cut the timber and ship the wood to mar-

ket in the mother country. In the eighteenth century,

the principal demand in Britain was for timber for

shipbuilding, especially the tall pines that would be

turned into the masts for sailing ships. By the nine-

teenth century, the British demand changed from tall

timber to square (the trees were trimmed with an axe

from their rounded shape to a square one) and deals

(the square timber cut into planks at least three inches

thick). During the first half of the nineteenth century,

Britain encouraged the shipment of square timber

and deals from British America by the judicious use of

duties levied on wood originating elsewhere, includ-

ing the Baltic region. The vessels carrying the wood

frequently were unable to find a return cargo, often

solving the problem by converting the space below

decks to accommodate human passengers. This

practice provided inexpensive—if uncomfortable—

passage for many immigrants, especially the Irish,

driven from their homes by famine. This seemingly

ideal arrangement, removing unwanted wood and

returning much wanted population had some hid-

den drawbacks, however. One was that the trade was

extremely wasteful. Much of the tree was left behind

on the forest floor to rot. The timberers, moreover,

merely removed and never replaced trees, so that

large tracts of land were systematically denuded of

cover with no thought of sustainability. Worse still,

the mentality of those cutting the trees was one of

sheer exploitation, totally lacking in any concern for

reinvestment in the country they were looting. As

for the human return cargo, conditions on the tim-

ber ships encouraged disease and were singularly

unpleasant at best.

As with many forms of material culture, timber

ships provided a dual purpose for Canada. The tim-

ber that the country supplied was a critical resource

to the British Empire, as well as beyond, and the

ships that transported people in that exchange sim-

ply were part of a larger commodity chain that saw

Material Culture

Interior of a lumber ship in Quebec, 1872. While politicians and
settlers in central Canada concerned themselves with territorial
expansion during the mid-nineteenth century, those living in the
Atlantic region were constrained to the older transatlantic way of
life, of which shipping was integral. © McCord Museum.

Timber Ships

Continued…

306 A History of the Canadian Peoples

Born in Chatsworth, Ontario, Nellie McClung (née
Mooney) (1873–1951) moved with her family to Manitoba
in 1880. After attending normal school in Winnipeg, she
taught in rural Manitoba for many years. She was active
in temperance work and in suffrage agitation. In 1896 she
married Robert Wesley McClung, a druggist, who prom-
ised, Nellie later reported, that “I would not have to lay
aside my ambitions if I married him.” Her emergence to
prominence began when she entered an American short
story competition in 1902 and was encouraged by an
American publisher to expand the story into the novel
that became Sowing Seeds in Danny, a lighthearted look at
village life on the prairies published in 1908. The book sold
over 100,000 copies, was in its seventeenth edition at the
time her death, and brought her both fame and fortune.

She and her husband moved to Winnipeg with their
four children in 1911, where she helped organize the
Political Equality League in 1912. Frustrated with the
difficulty of arousing male politicians to suffrage reform,
after some humiliating experiences she turned herself
into a first-rate platform speaker. In 1914 she organized
the Mock Parliament of Women, in which women played
all the political roles. McClung herself was Manitoba
Premier Rodmond Roblin, one of the major opponents of
women’s right to vote. McClung and her associates, sup-
porting the Liberal Party, were unable to defeat Roblin’s
government in the 1914 election, but it soon fell under
the weight of a construction scandal. The Liberal govern-
ment of Tobias Crawford soon made Manitoba the first
province in Canada to grant women the right to vote.

Meanwhile, the McClungs had moved to Edmonton,
where Nellie again led the fight for female suffrage. She
was also a strong supporter of the war effort and the Red
Cross. In 1921 she was elected to the Alberta legislature,
where she championed a host of radical measures of
the time, ranging from mothers’ allowances and dower
rights for women to sterilization of the mentally unfit.
She was defeated in 1926 when her temperance stance
became unpopular. Nellie subsequently helped in the
successful fight for Canadian woman senators. The
McClungs moved to Victoria in 1933. In her west coast
years, she became a CBC governor (1936–42), a delegate
to the League of Nations (1938), and an advocate of
divorce reform.

Throughout her life she was an active Methodist
and subsequently a member of the United Church, and
was prominent at the national and international levels
in her church work. Apart from her first novel, none of
her subsequent fiction has withstood the test of time
very well. McClung did better with her autobiograph-
ical memoirs, all of which were highly regarded and
reprinted. Like many early feminists, she was clearly
a figure of her own time. She supported the Great War
with almost bloodthirsty enthusiasm and was an active
advocate of eugenics.

Nellie McClung. Cp photo.

Nellie Letitia McClung

Biography

901491_00_FM.indd 8 05/01/16 10:19 PM

ixPreface

• Chapter-opening
timelines. Each chapter
begins with a timeline
of the events and
themes that marked the
historical period covered,
providing a framework
for the discussion and an
excellent revision tool for
students.

• End-of-chapter learning
tools. Study questions
challenge students to
engage critically with
what they have read in
the chapter, while short
annotated bibliographies
provide reliable starting
points for further study.

• Outstanding art program.
A dynamic array of over 200
full-colour maps, photos,
paintings, and figures helps to
bring history to life.

• Expanded coverage of
the pre-Confederation
period. New material on the
pre-Confederation period,
including an analysis of
life in New France and an
exploration of the American
interior, helps to round out
students’ understanding of
Canada’s past.

256
A

H
isto

ry
o

f th
e

C
a

n
a

d
ia

n
P

e
o

p
le

s

C
anada in 1882.

Quebec

United States of America

Greenland Alaska
(USA)

Ontario

Manitoba

District of
Alberta

1882

District of
Athabasca

1882

District of
Saskatchewan

1882

District of
Assiniboia

1882

British
Columbia

District of
Keewatin

1876

North-West Territories

N
ew

foundland

Nova
Scotia

New
Brunswick

PEI

Area Claimed
by Ontario

and Manitoba
Montreal

Ottawa

Toronto

Vancouver Victoria

Quebec

St
L

aw
re

nc
e

R.

A t l a n t i c
O c e a n

A rc t i c O c e a n

P a c i f i c
O c e a n

H u d s o n
B a y

N

S

E W

0 500

kilometres

1,000

A r
c t

i c
C

i r

c l
e

Provinces

North-West Territories:
Districts

North-West Territories:
Unorganized

Newfoundland

Disputed Area

1841 Union of Upper Canada and Lower Canada
proclaimed.

1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty resolves the New
Brunswick border. Great Britain experiments

with partially elected, partially appointed

legislature for Newfoundland.

1843 Fort Victoria established on Vancouver Island.

1846 Oregon Boundary Treaty settles western
boundary. Corn s and Timber duties are

repealed by British Parliament. St John’s,

Newfoundland, is destroyed by fire.

1848 Nova Scotia gets responsible government. Lord
Elgin concedes responsible government to

Canada. Newfoundland reverts to an elected

assembly.

1849 Vancouver Island is leased by the British to the
Hudson’s Bay Company and becomes a Crown

colony. Rebellion Losses Bill is enacted, leading

to riots in Montreal. Annexation movement

flourishes.

1851 James Douglas becomes governor of
Vancouver Island. Cable is laid from

New Brunswick to Prince Edward Island.

Prince Edward Island receives responsible

government. Colonial government takes over

post offices.

1852 Grand Trunk Railway is incorporated.

1854 Reciprocity Treaty with United States is signed,
to last 10 years.

1855 Petroleum is discovered in southwestern
Ontario. Newfoundland receives responsible

government.

1856 The first legislature meets on Vancouver Island.

1858 British Columbia becomes a colony.

1859 The first steamer is launched on the Red River.
First newspaper is established in Red River.

1860 Cariboo Gold Rush begins in British Columbia.
Prince Edward Island Land Commission

convenes. Royal Tour of Prince Albert suggests

that what would become Canada is already, in

some senses, a political entity.

1861 American Civil War begins. Montreal and
Toronto introduce horse-drawn cars for public

transportation.

1862 Cariboo Road is begun in British Columbia.

1863 First non-Native salmon fishery on the Fraser
River established.

1864 Reciprocity Treaty is terminated by a vote of
the American Senate, to take effect in 1866.

Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences are

held to discuss union of British North America.

1866 Transatlantic cable laid from Newfoundland
to Europe. Union of British Columbia and

Vancouver Island implemented, with Victoria as

capital.

1867 The British North America Act is passed by
British Parliament to take effect 1 July 1867.

Emily Howard Stowe obtains a medical degree

in the United States, the first woman to do so.

British Columbia’s legislative council resolves to

request that the province be allowed eventual

admission into Canada, which officially comes

into existence on 1 July under an all-party

government headed by Sir John A. Macdonald.

Resolutions for territorial expansion are passed

by the Canadian Parliament in December. The

Americans purchase Alaska from Russia.

Timeline

320 A History of the Canadian Peoples

Troper, Harold Martin. Only Farmers Need Apply: Official
Canadian Government Encouragement of Immigration
from the United States, 1896–1911. Toronto, 1972. The
standard work on the topic.

Valverde, Mariana. The Age of Light, Soap, and Water: Moral
Reform in English Canada, 1885–1925. Toronto, 1991.
One of the few overall syntheses of the reform move-
ment, focusing particularly on its moral dimensions.

Voisey, Paul. Vulcan: The Making of a Prairie Community.
Toronto, 1988. Probably the best historical commun-
ity study ever executed in Canada.

Walden, Keith. Becoming Modern in Toronto: The
Industrial Exhibition and the Shaping of a Late
Victorian Culture. Toronto, 1997. A work in cultural
studies that deconstructs the Toronto Industrial
Exhibition.

Study Questions
1. What role did the patronage system play in Canadian political parties in the years before the Great War?

2. How did the industrialization of the period 1885–1914 differ from that of the 1850s and 1860s?

3. Compare the major problems of urban and rural life in Canada in the early years of the twentieth century.

4. Are the differences between child labour in factories and on farms significant?

5. What does the poem “Town Directory” tell us about Treherne, Manitoba, in 1895?

6. How was Canada selling the western region to newcomers in 1907?

7. Discuss the relationship between the small town and the development of Canadian fiction, 1890–1914.

8. What were the linkages among …