Class4TheoreticalFrameworks.pptx

MMG 517: Research and literature Reviews
Class 4 6/22/21

Research Methods
for

Research Methods
for

Welcome
Attendance
Everyone finish problem statement?
Started on Review?
Sign up for conferences on Thursday**
Link:

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
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Last week
We discussed literature reviews.
We looked at an example
We discussed APA in text and reference citations 
We reviewed the CCOL for research
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
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Assignment next week
Come to your conference time on Thursday
Complete a first draft of your literature reviews and theoretical frameworks, and hypotheses
Due: First draft of literature reviews, theoretical frameworks, and hypotheses
Read: Chapter 7 – Elements of Research Design

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
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Agenda for tonight
We will:
Review literature reviews, research, and synthesizing sources, and APA
Discuss variables, theoretical frameworks and hypotheses.   

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
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Research projects
This main product of this class is a complete research study. This involves all of the parts outlined in the syllabus
Introduction/problem statement
review
Theoretical framework
Research design – methodology
Subjects
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Example

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
for

reviews
A literature review is a systematic review of available literature, typically scholarly, on your research question.
The literature review seeks to answer your research question(s) by finding out what others have said about the topics in the past.  
Generally, a literature review is organized thematically by topic and comprised of numerous sources.
All sources are cited in APA format.  
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
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Reviews (cont)
Problem statements provide the background, but Lit reviews seek to identify key variables of interest. 
reviews are typically based on academic research include items like:
Causes
Solutions

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
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Project Review
Your literature review for this project should be at least 5-7 pp and include 8, high quality sources (not just statistics). 
However, your literature review may include many more sources.
All sources must be cited correctly in APA style and be included on the references page. 
Sofia Example – notice how she is focusing on key variables of interest
Review APA style in document.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
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Researching
Once you have your outline completed, you should start researching your topic to find research related to it.
First establish keywords:
Two main places to research:
CCOL
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
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© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
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Sample reference with a webpage
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
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Breakout Actvity 1
Join breakout rooms for 5 minutes. Take terms discussing
What is your research question?
What do you plan to research for the literature review?
Are you stuck at all? On what? 
Give each other feedback. 

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
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Theoretical Framework
As you search the literature to find answers to your research question, you should begin to conceptualize the solutions to the problem.
Once you have an idea about what the best solution(s) might be, you should create a theoretical framework.
A theoretical framework represents your beliefs on how certain phenomena (or variables or concepts) are related to each other (a model) and an explanation on why you believe that these variables are associated to each other (a theory).
Develop using logical beliefs and research from the LR
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© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
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Theoretical Framework
Basic steps:
Identify and label the variables correctly
State the relationships among the variables: formulate hypotheses
Explain how or why you expect these relationships
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© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
for

Variable
Any concept or construct that varies or changes in value
Examples: production units, absenteeism, motivation (p. 68) – example
Main types of variables:
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Moderating variable
Mediating variable
Variables can be Definite (male/female) or continuous (age)
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© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
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Dependent Variables

Dependent variable (DV)
Is of primary interest to the researcher. The goal of the research project is to understand, predict or explain the variability of this variable.
Examples 85, 6.1 and 6.2

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© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Research Methods
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Independent variable

Independent variable (IV)
Influences the DV in either positive or negative way. The variance in the DV is accounted for by the IV.
To establish IV
IV should covary with DV (change together)
IV should precede DV
No other factor should influence DV (control for variable/experiment). But often many IV impact DV
Theory for relationship must exist
Examples p. 87, ex 6.3 and 6.4

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Identifying Variables
Breakout rooms
In breakout rooms. Share your research topic and question. Try to identify your main variables of interest
What is your dependent variable?
What is/are your independent variable(s)?
How do they relate?

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran
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Research Methods
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Moderators
Moderating variable
Moderator is qualitative (e.g., gender, race, class) or quantitative (e.g., level of reward) variable that affects the direction and/or strength of relation between independent and dependent variable.
Example 2 p. 89, 6.5 and 6.6

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© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Research Methods
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Mediating Variable
Mediating variable
surfaces between the time the independent variables start operating to influence the dependent variable and the time their impact is felt on it. 
Example p. 90, 6.9

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© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
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Hypothesis
A tentative, yet testable, statement, which predicts what you expect to find in your empirical data.
Derived from conceptual model (TF)
Often relational in nature
Logically conjectured relationships between two or more variables.
If – then statements
Directional suggest a correlative relationship (positive, negative, more than)
Non directional doesn’t specify (if the relationship is unclear)

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© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
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Null and Alternate Hypotheses
Hypotheses must be falsifiable
Null hypotheses H0 state that no relationship exists
Alternate hypotheses HA say that a relationship does exist.
If null hypothesis is rejected all remaining HA are plausible.
Hypothesis testing can be quantitative or qualitative (interviews)

Research Methods
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Exercise
24
Give the hypotheses for the following framework:
Service quality

Customer switching

Switching cost
© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
for

Exercise
25
Give the hypotheses for the following framework:

Customer satisfaction
Service quality

Customer switching
© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
for

Theoretical Framework
Once your variables are identified, you should develop your theoretical framework. 
The Theoretical framework describes the relationship of your variables.
Examples. 
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© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran

Research Methods
for

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