ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021
© YeunShin Lee 2021 1
This lecture will be recorded
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Sarcomere contraction: Myosin sliding
2Courtesy of OpenStax
Relaxed state
Contracted state
“Fuzzy” myosin fibers with
heads depicted
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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021
© YeunShin Lee 2021 2
Intrasarcomere structure
Titin: Helps provide structure to sarcomere & retains resting
tension to keep all resting sarcomeres the same length
• Largest protein molecule ever discovered
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Kumar et al 2020
What role does the M‐band/line/protein
play in the sarcormere?
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A.It anchors the tropomyosin filaments
B. It anchors the Z‐disk
C. It anchors the H‐band
D. It anchors the myosin filaments
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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021
© YeunShin Lee 2021 3
Intersarcomere structure
Aligns the sarcomeres within
the muscle fiber
• Desmin: Ties myofibrils
together into bundles
• Costamere: Complex of
proteins that attaches
bundled myofibrils to
sarcolemma
o Vinculin, γ‐Actin, β‐Spectrin
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γ‐Actin
Henderson et al. 2018
Sarcolemma
Desmin
β‐Spectrin
Viniculin
Intersarcomere structure
Aligns the sarcomeres within
the muscle fiber
• Desmin: Ties myofibrils
together into bundles
• Costamere: Complex of
proteins that attaches
bundled myofibrils to
sarcolemma
o Vinculin, γ‐Actin, β‐Spectrin
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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021
© YeunShin Lee 2021 4
Any questions?
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Cardiac muscle cell structure
• Striated due to presence of
sarcomeres
• Variable in length
• Branched
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Austin Peay State Univ
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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021
© YeunShin Lee 2021 5
Cardiac muscle cell structure
• Striated due to presence of
sarcomeres
• Variable in length
• Branched
9Courtesy of OpenStax
The building blocks
Tissues
• Nervous
• Epithelial
• Muscle
• Connective
10Courtesy of OpenStax
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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021
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Connective tissue
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Connective tissue
• Provides structure to
body
• Supports body
• Most diverse tissue type
o Function dictates
structure
• 3 main categories
1. Proper
2. Supportive
3. Specialized
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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021
© YeunShin Lee 2021 7
Specific types of connective tissue
1. Proper
A. Loose
B. Dense
i. Regular
ii. Irregular
2. Supportive
A. Hyaline cartilage
i. Elastic
ii. Fibrocartilage
B. Bone
3. Specialized
A. Adipose
B. Blood
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Courtesy of OpenStax
Recipe for Connective Tissue
• Protein fibers: At least one found in
all types of connective tissue
1. Collagenous
2. Reticular
3. Elastin
• Cells
1. Fixed: Produce fibers & ground
substance
• Specific to each connective tissue type
2. Wandering
• Ground substance: Proteins linked
to carbohydrates
1. Chondroitin sulfates
2. Hyaluronic acid
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Connective Tissue
Protein
Fibers
Ground
Substance
Cells
Extracellular
Matrix
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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021
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Connective tissue fibers
• Collagen
o Most abundant protein found in animals (23‐30% of total protein)
o Create tensile strength
• Once secreted by fixed cells, form cross‐links with other collagen molecules
o Several diff types, but Type A most abundant
• Found in skin & muscle
• Reticular
o Smaller than collagen
o Does not form extensive cross‐links
• Elastin
o Can be reversibly stretched to twice original length
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Cells
Fixed: Produce fibers & ground substance
• Connective tissue proper =
Fibroblasts
• Supportive connective tissue
o Cartilage = Chondrocytes
o Bone = Osteocytes
• Specialized tissue
o Adipose = Fibroblasts +
Adipocytes
Wandering: Defend & clean
• All connective tissue =
Macrophages & Mast cells
• Specialized tissue
o Blood & Lymph = Erythrocytes
cells, Lymphocytes, Platelets
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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021
© YeunShin Lee 2021 9
Fibroblasts (Proper connective tissue)
Produce mostly fibers; some
ground substance
o Collagenous
o Reticular
o Elastic
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Courtesy of OpenStax
Chondrocytes (Supportive)
Produce cartilage fibers
o Contained in small chambers (e.g.,
lacunae) within extracellular matrix
• Hyaline: Collagenous fibers; slightly
more ground substance
• Fibro: Collagenous fibers; little
ground substance
• Elastic: Mostly elastin & some
collagenous fibers; great deal more
ground substance
18Courtesy of OpenStax
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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021
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Osteocytes (Supportive)
• Produces bone fibers
o Contained in small chambers
(e.g., lacunae) within
extracellular matrix
• Collagenous fibers; two
times more calcium‐rich
ground substance
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courtesy of OpenStax
Adipocytes (Specialized)
• Triglyceride storage
• Mostly storage; very little
ground substance
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Courtesy of OpenStax
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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021
© YeunShin Lee 2021 11
Cells
Fixed: Produce fibers & ground substance
• Connective tissue proper =
Fibroblasts
• Supportive connective tissue
o Cartilage = Chondrocytes
o Bone = Osteocytes
• Specialized tissue
o Adipose = Fibroblasts +
Adipocytes
Wandering: Defend & clean
• All connective tissue =
Macrophages & Mast cells
• Specialized tissue
o Blood & Lymph = Erythrocytes
cells, Lymphocytes, Platelets
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Macrophages (All types)
• Seek out & destroy
damaged cells & foreign
bodies
• Amoeboid
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Macrophage
Courtesy of Britannica
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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021
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Mast cells (All types)
• Release histamine to trigger
inflammatory response
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Young et al 2019
Blood cells (Specialized)
• Erythrocytes: Transport O2
and CO2
• Lymphocytes: Immune
response
• Platelets: Clotting
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Courtesy of OpenStax
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Type of Tissue
Cells Extracellular Matrix
Fixed Wandering Fibers
Fiber:Ground
Substance
Proper
Loose
Fibroblasts
Macrophages,
Mast cells
Collagen, Elastic More ground
Dense
Regular
Aligned Collagen,
Reticular, Elastic
Less ground
Irregular
Random Collagen,
Elastic, Reticular
Supportive
Cartilage
Hyaline
Chondrocytes
Collagen ~ 40 fiber:60 ground
Elastic
Elastic, some
Collagen
>60% ground
Fibro Collagen <40% ground Bone Osteocytes Collagen ~ 33 fiber:66 ground Specialized Adipose Fibroblasts, Adipocytes Collagen, Elastic Very little ground Blood & Lymph Erythrocytes, Platelets, Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Microphages Plasma, Lymph, Interstitial fluid 25 Do Not Distribute
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