Essay about 4 main tissues

ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021

© YeunShin Lee 2021 1

This lecture will be recorded

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Sarcomere contraction: Myosin sliding

2Courtesy of OpenStax

Relaxed state

Contracted state

“Fuzzy” myosin fibers with 
heads depicted

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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021

© YeunShin Lee 2021 2

Intrasarcomere structure

Titin: Helps provide structure to sarcomere & retains resting 
tension to keep all resting sarcomeres the same length

• Largest protein molecule ever discovered

3

Kumar et al 2020

What role does the M‐band/line/protein 
play in the sarcormere?

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A.It anchors the tropomyosin filaments

B. It anchors the Z‐disk

C. It anchors the H‐band

D. It anchors the myosin filaments

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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021

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Intersarcomere structure

Aligns the sarcomeres within 
the muscle fiber

• Desmin: Ties myofibrils 
together into bundles

• Costamere: Complex of 
proteins that attaches 
bundled myofibrils to 
sarcolemma
o Vinculin, γ‐Actin, β‐Spectrin

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γ‐Actin

Henderson et al. 2018

Sarcolemma

Desmin

β‐Spectrin

Viniculin

Intersarcomere structure

Aligns the sarcomeres within 
the muscle fiber

• Desmin: Ties myofibrils 
together into bundles

• Costamere: Complex of 
proteins that attaches 
bundled myofibrils to 
sarcolemma
o Vinculin, γ‐Actin, β‐Spectrin

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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021

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Any questions?

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Cardiac muscle cell structure

• Striated due to presence of 
sarcomeres

• Variable in length

• Branched

8

Austin Peay State Univ

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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021

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Cardiac muscle cell structure

• Striated due to presence of 
sarcomeres

• Variable in length

• Branched

9Courtesy of OpenStax

The building blocks

Tissues

• Nervous

• Epithelial

• Muscle

• Connective

10Courtesy of OpenStax

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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021

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Connective tissue

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Connective tissue

• Provides structure to 
body

• Supports body
• Most diverse tissue type
o Function dictates
structure

• 3 main categories
1. Proper

2. Supportive

3. Specialized

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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021

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Specific types of connective tissue
1. Proper

A. Loose
B. Dense

i. Regular
ii. Irregular

2. Supportive
A. Hyaline cartilage

i. Elastic
ii. Fibrocartilage

B. Bone

3. Specialized
A. Adipose
B. Blood

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Courtesy of OpenStax

Recipe for Connective Tissue
• Protein fibers: At least one found in 
all types of connective tissue
1. Collagenous

2. Reticular

3. Elastin

• Cells
1. Fixed: Produce fibers & ground 

substance
• Specific to each connective tissue type

2. Wandering

• Ground substance: Proteins linked 
to carbohydrates
1. Chondroitin sulfates

2. Hyaluronic acid
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Connective Tissue

Protein 
Fibers

Ground 
Substance

Cells

Extracellular  
Matrix

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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021

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Connective tissue fibers

• Collagen
o Most abundant protein found in animals (23‐30% of total protein)
o Create tensile strength
• Once secreted by fixed cells, form cross‐links with other collagen molecules

o Several diff types, but Type A most abundant
• Found in skin & muscle

• Reticular
o Smaller than collagen
o Does not form extensive cross‐links
• Elastin
o Can be reversibly stretched to twice original length

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Cells

Fixed: Produce fibers & ground substance

• Connective tissue proper = 
Fibroblasts

• Supportive connective tissue
o Cartilage = Chondrocytes
o Bone = Osteocytes

• Specialized tissue
o Adipose = Fibroblasts + 
Adipocytes

Wandering: Defend & clean

• All connective tissue = 
Macrophages & Mast cells

• Specialized tissue
o Blood & Lymph = Erythrocytes 
cells, Lymphocytes, Platelets

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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021

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Fibroblasts (Proper connective tissue)

Produce mostly fibers; some 
ground substance

o Collagenous

o Reticular

o Elastic

17

Courtesy of OpenStax

Chondrocytes (Supportive)

Produce cartilage fibers
o Contained in small chambers (e.g., 
lacunae) within extracellular matrix

• Hyaline: Collagenous fibers; slightly 
more ground substance

• Fibro: Collagenous fibers; little 
ground substance

• Elastic: Mostly elastin & some 
collagenous fibers; great deal more 
ground substance

18Courtesy of OpenStax

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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021

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Osteocytes (Supportive)

• Produces bone fibers
o Contained in small chambers 
(e.g., lacunae) within 
extracellular matrix

• Collagenous fibers; two 
times more calcium‐rich 
ground substance

19

courtesy of OpenStax

Adipocytes (Specialized)

• Triglyceride storage

• Mostly storage; very little 
ground substance

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Courtesy of OpenStax

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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021

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Cells

Fixed: Produce fibers & ground substance

• Connective tissue proper = 
Fibroblasts

• Supportive connective tissue
o Cartilage = Chondrocytes
o Bone = Osteocytes

• Specialized tissue
o Adipose = Fibroblasts + 
Adipocytes

Wandering: Defend & clean

• All connective tissue = 
Macrophages & Mast cells

• Specialized tissue
o Blood & Lymph = Erythrocytes 
cells, Lymphocytes, Platelets

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Macrophages (All types)

• Seek out & destroy 
damaged cells & foreign 
bodies

• Amoeboid

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Macrophage

Courtesy of Britannica

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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021

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Mast cells (All types)

• Release histamine to trigger 
inflammatory response

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Young et al 2019

Blood cells (Specialized)

• Erythrocytes: Transport O2
and CO2
• Lymphocytes: Immune 
response

• Platelets: Clotting

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Courtesy of OpenStax

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ANS 123: Tissues IV 4/7/2021

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Type of Tissue
Cells Extracellular Matrix

Fixed Wandering Fibers
Fiber:Ground
Substance

Proper

Loose

Fibroblasts

Macrophages,
Mast cells

Collagen, Elastic More ground

Dense

Regular
Aligned Collagen, 
Reticular, Elastic

Less ground

Irregular
Random Collagen, 
Elastic, Reticular

Supportive
Cartilage

Hyaline

Chondrocytes

Collagen ~ 40 fiber:60 ground

Elastic
Elastic, some 
Collagen

>60% ground

Fibro Collagen <40% ground Bone Osteocytes Collagen ~ 33 fiber:66 ground Specialized Adipose Fibroblasts,   Adipocytes Collagen, Elastic Very little ground Blood & Lymph Erythrocytes, Platelets,  Lymphocytes,  Macrophages,  Microphages Plasma, Lymph, Interstitial fluid 25 Do Not Distribute

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