©
2014 by P
earson H
igher E
ducation, Inc
U
e
S
add
e R
e
, N
e
Je
e
07458 A
R
R
e
e
ed
G
a
ng
s,
Pro
f. Bro
o
ks
Sum
m
e
r 2021
D
e
la
ne
y, A
m
e
ric
a
n Stre
e
t G
a
ng
s, 2e
C
h
a
p
te
r 3
Th
e
o
re
tic
a
l Exp
la
n
a
tio
ns o
f Stre
e
t G
a
n
g
s
2
The
w
a
y a
p
a
rtic
ula
r a
g
e
nc
y, g
o
ve
rning
b
o
d
y, o
r
c
o
m
m
unity vie
w
s a
g
a
ng
d
ire
c
tly im
p
a
c
ts the
p
ro
g
ra
m
s a
nd
typ
e
s o
f la
w
e
nfo
rc
e
m
e
nt use
d
in
re
la
tio
n to
the
m
.
A
theory should
:
Be
e
m
p
iric
a
lly ve
rifia
b
le
H
a
ve
the
a
b
ility to
e
xp
la
in o
r p
ro
vid
e
a
nd
a
c
c
o
unt fo
r
b
e
ha
vio
r
Be
c
o
m
e
a
p
p
lic
a
b
le
to
a
g
e
ne
ra
l se
t o
f re
la
te
d
p
he
no
m
e
na
Em
p
irica
lly verifia
b
le
e
fe
c
ie
nc
e
c
o
m
m
itm
e
nt to
sup
p
o
rt the
o
ry w
ith syste
m
a
tic
o
b
se
rva
tio
n a
nd
d
a
ta
c
o
lle
c
tio
n, kno
w
n a
s
re
se
a
rc
h.
The
o
ry Exp
la
na
tio
ns
3
A
tte
m
p
t to
link crim
e a
nd
d
elinq
uency to
g
enetics,
ra
ising
c
o
ntro
ve
rsia
l issue
s suc
h a
s the
c
o
nc
e
p
t o
f a
b
n c
im
ina
l
a
nd
he
g
g
e
i
n ha
c
im
e
i
he
re
d
ita
ry
H
a
ve
e
xa
m
ine
d
b
od
y typ
es a
s a
m
e
a
ns o
f
d
e
e
m
ining
a
n ind
i
id
a
l
c
ha
a
c
e
,
g
g
e
ing
ha
he
e
n
l
k
like
a
c
im
ina
l
Physiog
nom
y
invo
lve
s the
stud
y o
f fa
c
e
s a
nd
skulls
a
nd
o
the
r p
hysic
a
l fe
a
ture
s in o
rd
e
r to
re
ve
a
l a
n
ind
i
id
a
l
na
a
l d
i
ii
n
Bio
lo
g
ic
a
l The
o
rie
s
4
Bio
lo
g
ic
a
l The
o
rie
s
C
la
ssica
l
Positive
5
D
e
ve
lo
p
e
d
b
y C
esa
re
Becca
ria
, a
n Ita
lia
n
no
b
le
m
a
n (1738
1794), in his b
o
o
k O
n C
rim
e
s a
nd
Punishm
e
nt (1764)
Be
lie
ve
d
tha
t hum
a
ns w
e
re
free to choose
c
o
urse
s
o
f a
c
tio
n a
nd
tha
t the
y a
re
c
a
p
a
b
le
o
f m
a
king
ra
tiona
l d
ecisions
Je
re
m
y Be
ntha
m
(1748
1832), a
n Eng
lish
p
hilo
so
p
he
r, p
ro
m
o
te
d
the
id
e
a
o
f he
d
o
nism
hum
a
ns
seek
p
lea
sure a
nd
a
void
p
a
in in the
ir
a
c
tivitie
s
The
C
la
ssic
a
l Sc
ho
o
l
6
Ba
sic
Te
na
nts o
f the
C
la
ssic
a
l Sc
ho
o
l
Em
p
ha
sizes free w
ill choices a
nd
ra
tiona
l thoug
ht
C
oncerned
w
ith p
olitica
l structure a
nd
the w
a
y
in w
hich g
overnm
ent d
ea
ls w
ith its citizens
V
iew
s b
eha
vior a
s hed
onistic
C
oncerned
for the b
a
sic rig
hts of a
ll p
eop
le
Focuses on m
ora
lity a
nd
resp
onsib
ility
7
Po
sitivists sa
w
b
e
ha
vio
r a
s d
e
te
rm
ine
d
b
y a
n
ind
i
id
a
l
b
i
l
g
ic
a
l,
c
h
l
g
ic
a
l, a
nd
c
ia
l
tra
its.
P
ii
i
ie
e
d
ffe
nd
e
a
ic
k
a
nd
im
lie
d
ha
e
e
a
c
he
ne
e
d
e
d
find
he
c
a
e
,
d
e
te
rm
ina
nts, o
f suc
h so
c
ia
l p
a
tho
lo
g
y a
m
o
ng
ind
ivid
ua
ls.
The
Po
sitive
Sc
ho
o
l
8
C
om
p
a
re/C
ontra
st
Psyc
ho
lo
g
ic
a
l The
o
rie
s o
f D
e
linq
ue
nc
y
Intellig
ence-
Ba
sed
Theories
Persona
lity
Tra
it
Theories
Socia
l
Lea
rning
Theories
9
So
c
io
lo
g
ic
a
l The
o
ry
So
c
io
lo
g
ic
a
l the
o
rie
s a
re
g
ro
und
e
d
b
y the
b
e
lie
f
tha
t d
e
linq
ue
nc
y is c
a
use
d
b
y environm
enta
l
fa
ctors.
Socia
l D
isorg
a
niza
tion Theory (the C
hica
g
o School)
So
c
ia
l d
iso
rg
a
niza
tio
n the
o
ry d
e
ve
lo
p
e
d
fro
m
the
e
a
rly e
c
o
lo
g
ic
a
l re
se
a
rc
h o
n urb
a
n d
e
ve
lo
p
m
e
nt
c
o
nd
uc
te
d
b
y so
c
io
lo
g
ists a
t the
U
nive
rsity o
f
C
hic
a
g
o
d
uring
the
1920s a
nd
1930s.
10
D
iscuss the concentric circles id
entified
b
y the C
hica
g
o School.
So
c
io
lo
g
ic
a
l The
o
ry
Zo
n
e
5
Zo
n
e
4
Zo
n
e
3
Zo
n
e
2
Zo
n
e
1
11
In so
c
ia
lly d
iso
rg
a
nize
d
a
re
a
s, the
d
o
m
ina
nt va
lue
s a
nd
no
rm
s c
o
ntra
st w
ith the
ne
w
e
m
e
rg
ing
no
rm
s a
nd
va
lue
s.
Four elem
ents
o
f so
c
ia
l d
iso
rg
a
niza
tio
n:
So
c
io
lo
g
ic
a
l The
o
ry
Zo
n
e
3
Low
Econom
ic
Sta
tus
M
ixture of
d
ifferent
ethnic
g
roup
s
H
ig
hly
m
ob
ile
resid
ents
m
oving
in
a
nd
out of
the a
rea
D
isrup
ted
fa
m
ilies a
nd
b
roken
hom
es
12 So
c
io
lo
g
ic
a
l The
o
ry
M
e
M
d
e
f A
d
a
a
i
W
he
n ind
ivid
ua
ls a
re
fa
c
e
d
w
ith the
stra
in c
a
use
d
b
y a
no
m
ic
c
o
nd
itio
ns, the
y ha
ve
a
c
ho
ic
e
b
e
tw
e
e
n
five
m
o
d
e
s o
f a
d
a
p
ta
tio
n:
Ritua
lism
Innova
tion
C
onform
ity
Reb
ellion
Retrea
tism
13 So
c
io
lo
g
ic
a
l The
o
ry
A
lb
e
rt C
o
he
n id
e
ntifie
d
five
c
e
ntra
l c
ha
ra
c
te
ristic
s
o
f lo
w
e
r-c
la
ss d
e
linq
ue
nt g
a
ng
s, w
hic
h, w
he
n
c
o
m
b
ine
d
, c
o
m
p
rise
the
d
e
linq
ue
nt sub
c
ulture
:
N
e
g
a
tivism
M
a
lic
ious-
ne
ss
N
o
n-
utilita
ria
nism
G
ro
up
A
uto
no
m
y
Sho
rt-Te
rm
H
e
d
o
nism
14 V
a
ria
nts o
f So
c
ia
l C
o
ntro
l The
o
ry
Pe
rso
na
lity
O
rie
nte
d
C
o
nta
inm
ent
The
o
ry
Te
c
hniq
ues o
f
N
e
utra
lization
So
c
ia
l Bo
nd
15 So
c
ia
l Le
a
rning
/D
iffe
re
ntia
l Le
a
rning
The
o
ry
Ind
ivid
ua
ls b
e
c
o
m
e
d
e
linq
ue
nt no
t o
nly thro
ug
h
d
ire
c
t c
o
nta
c
t w
ith d
e
linq
ue
nts, b
ut a
lso
thro
ug
h
e
xp
o
sure
to
va
rio
us va
lue
s, b
e
lie
fs, a
nd
a
ttitud
e
s
tha
t a
re
sup
p
o
rtive
o
f c
rim
ina
l a
nd
d
e
linq
ue
nt a
c
ts
(e
.g
., thro
ug
h the
m
e
d
ia
a
nd
m
usic
).
D
ire
c
t a
sso
c
ia
tio
n w
ith d
e
via
nt o
the
rs, e
sp
e
c
ia
lly
o
ve
r a
p
e
rio
d
o
f tim
e
, is the
m
o
st like
ly w
a
y to
e
lic
it
d
e
linq
ue
nt b
e
ha
vio
r a
c
c
o
rd
ing
to
so
c
ia
l the
o
rists.
16
Youths lea
rn to b
ecom
e d
elinq
uent
throug
h three rela
ted
p
rocesses:
So
c
ia
l Le
a
rning
The
o
ry
Zo
n
e
3
A
cq
uisition
M
a
intena
nce
Instig
a
tion
17 La
b
e
ling
The
o
ry
D
o
e
s no
t e
xa
m
ine
ho
w
o
r w
hy p
e
o
p
le
b
e
c
o
m
e
d
e
linq
ue
nts a
nd
c
rim
ina
ls; ra
the
r, it c
o
nc
e
ntra
te
s o
n
the
e
ffe
c
t o
f b
e
ing
la
b
e
le
d
a
d
e
linq
ue
nt o
r c
rim
ina
l
Fre
d
e
ric
k Thra
she
r
Fra
nk Ta
nne
nb
a
um
18 La
b
e
ling
The
o
ry
W
he
n a
n ind
ivid
ua
l c
o
ntinua
lly re
c
e
ive
s ne
g
a
tive
fe
e
d
b
a
c
k fro
m
sig
nific
a
nt o
the
rs a
nd
the
n b
e
g
ins to
a
c
c
e
p
t the
ne
g
a
tive
la
b
e
l, a
se
lf-fulfilling
p
ro
p
he
c
y
ha
s b
e
e
n c
re
a
te
d
.
Be
c
ke
r
Q
uinne
y
©
2014 by P
earson H
igher E
ducation, Inc
U
e
S
add
e R
e
, N
e
Je
e
07458 A
R
R
e
e
ed
The
fo
llo
w
ing
c
rim
e
a
nd
d
e
linq
ue
nc
y the
o
rie
s a
p
p
ly to
g
a
ng
s:
b
io
lo
g
ic
a
l a
nd
p
syc
ho
lo
g
ic
a
l e
xp
la
na
tio
ns a
nd
the
tra
d
itio
na
l
so
c
io
lo
g
ic
a
l the
o
rie
s: so
c
ia
l d
iso
rg
a
niza
tio
n (C
hic
a
g
o
Sc
ho
o
l),
a
no
m
ie
/ stra
in, sub
c
ulture
/so
c
ia
l b
o
nd
, so
c
ia
l
le
a
rning
/d
iffe
re
ntia
l le
a
rning
, a
nd
la
b
e
ling
.
C
H
A
PTER SU
M
M
A
RY
Psyc
ho
lo
g
ic
a
l the
o
rie
s o
f d
e
linq
ue
nc
y sta
rt w
ith the
p
re
m
ise
tha
t
the
re
a
re
ind
ivid
ua
l d
iffe
re
nc
e
s in inte
llig
e
nc
e
, p
e
rso
na
lity, a
nd
le
a
rning
.
So
c
io
lo
g
ic
a
l the
o
rie
s a
re
g
ro
und
e
d
b
y the
b
e
lie
f tha
t g
a
ng
fo
rm
a
tio
n a
nd
p
a
rtic
ip
a
tio
n a
re
the
re
sult o
f so
c
ia
l fa
c
to
rs.
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