The Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model

Data Transportation
How Data gets from the Client to the Webserver
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model is used to transmit data from a client’s web browser to a webserver. In this case, the client or localhost and server belong to a Wide Area Network. Both the client and the webserver are connected to the internet using routers. These routers use the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to identify devices on the network through Internet Protocol (IP) address (Mahmood et al., 2020). By opening the web browser in the localhost, the user accesses the application layer. Within this layer, the user uses the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to send a request to the server. It creates a header field containing information such as the name of the webserver that will receive the request using the domain name system (Serpanos & Wolf, 2011). The data is then sent to the presentation layer, where it is changed to the network format and encrypted. In the session layer, the data flow is managed by setting up and managing a session between applications (Mahmood et al., 2020). Overall, based on the OSI model, the data has been transmitted through its upper layers.
In the lower OSI layers, the request is transmitted through four layers. In the transport layer, the data is transformed into segments. The layer also performs error handling by eliminating duplicates and requesting retransmission of missing information (Mahmood et al., 2020). Additionally, the data is transmitted using Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) because the receiver will send an acknowledgment. The network layer uses routers to determine the best route for the data packet (Mahmood et al., 2020). Header information about the source and destination IP addresses is also added. In the data link layer, data frames are transmitted through its sublayers. One of these sublayers, logical link control, handles error and flow control (Patil & Chen, 2017). The other sublayer, Media Access Control, links this layer to the physical one (Patil & Chen, 2017). Lastly, in the physical layer, the data is transmitted in a bitstream. The layer also handles all the devices’ physical and electrical specifications to manage how data is transmitted through physical media.
Afterward, the webserver’s OSI model receives the request. Its physical layer receives the bitstream from the client. In the data link layer, the frame is decoded and passed to the network layer. Using TCP, an acknowledgment is sent. The data packet is then passed to the next layer using the shortest route. The transport layer ensures there are no transmission errors. In the other layer, a session is managed. In the presentation layer, the data is decrypted and passed to the application layer. The server then sends a response containing the content message to the client using HTTP. The data is sent in a similar through all the web server’s OSI model layers. Upon reaching its physical layer, the bitstream is sent to the physical layer of the client. It moves up the other layers to reach the application layer, where the client can view the requested webpage.
 

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