The Turkish raids of 1585A.D. and 1588A.D.

INTRODUCTION
The Turkish raids of 1585A.D. and 1588A.D. prompted the Portuguese under the order of King Phillip II of Spain[1] to build a defensive outpost that would be strategic in garrisoning soldiers to defend the coastal island. On the 11th day of April 1593A.D, the fortress was named “Fortaleza de Jesus de Mombaça”[2] by Mateus de Mendes de Vasconcelos[3] and completed in 1596A.D; the plan was a quadrilateral with four bastions[4]: S.Felipe, S.Alberto, S.Mathias and S.Mateus[5]. It was designed by Giovanni Battista Cairati[6]. The magnificent architecture drew many to try and control it making me wonder as to whether the fort aided the occupants in exerting their control in Mombasa; the number of mutinies and takeovers has particularly been of key interest to me hence the reason behind my research.
It happened that for any ruler to assert authority in Mombasa he had to have a command from the Fort, a claim evident from the fact that all the rulers had the great urge of trying to maintain their grip on the fort. It is therefore my thesis that the fort did indeed play a pivotal role in helping rulers maintain their presence in Mombasa. With respect to that I shall focus on the period from the time of the exit of Nassir bin Abdullah Mazrui to the death of Muhammad bin Uthman al Mazrui a period transcending from circa 1728A.D. to c.1747A.D. I decided to particularly choose this period because in this interlude we see the fort falling to at least four different hands and most notably it also falls in the period in which the Government of Oman changed hands an episode that shifted politics in the Persian Gulf. This research would however only cover the happenings in Mombasa with a light mention of Oman.
I would only focus on the political impact of the fortress due to my affinity of politics and due to the fact that documentation on the economic and social role of the fortress is not as abundant as those of politics. By carrying out the research I hope to establish the extent in which Fortaleza de Jesus de Mombaça[7] helped the Wallis of Mombasa from the exit of Nassir bin Abdulla[8] al Mazrui to the death of Muhammad bin Uthman al Mazrui[9] in asserting their political control in the coastal island of Mombasa between the period of circa 1728A.D. to 1747A.D. It is my ultimate hope that by answering this question I would be able to really understand the power of forts in helping governments establish political control in their states. Due to the nature of the episodes in the fortress, I do not expect to have abundant data that would give me day to day accounts of the events and any data that may be of use to me would either be primarily be written in Arabic or have been translated something that would make it loose its aesthetic value that may perhaps distort my interpretation. Nevertheless, from the translations and account of some of the Mazrui, Al-Busaidi families and other European accounts, it is my hope that I will be able to get an adequate picture of how the various rulers treated their subjects.
[1] He was also referred to as King Phillip I of Portugal who was by then the joint ruler of Portuguese and Spanish Kingdoms.
[2] Ramerini, M. (2006, December 15th). FORT JESUS, MOMBASA- PORTUGUESE FORTRESS IN KENYA. Retrieved August 16th, 2008, from DUTCH PORTUGUESE COLONIAL HISTORY: http://www.colonialvoyage.com/mombasa.html
[3] He was by then the captain of the East African Coast; he resided in Malindi.
[4] See appendix 1 and 2 for an outline of the architecture of the fortress.
[5] Ramerini, M. (2006, December 15th). FORT JESUS, MOMBASA- PORTUGUESE FORTRESS IN KENYA. Retrieved August 16th, 2008, from DUTCH PORTUGUESE COLONIAL HISTORY: http://www.colonialvoyage.com/mombasa.html
[6] He was born in Milan where he was working as an architect in military buildings under the overloadship of King Phillip II of Spain. He is said to have worked in Malacca, Ormuz, Muscat, Damao, Bassein and Mombasa. He passed away in 1596A.D. before seeing the completion of the Fort.
[7] Fort Jesus of Mombasa
[8] I will hence refer to him as Nassir.
[9] I will hence refer to him as Muhammad.

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