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● Islam and democracy
● Are modern democratic institutions compatible/incompatible with Islam?
○ The heated debate about this
● American republic constrained by a formal constitution
● Is there a Sharia Islamic law constitution that can constrain democracy without
destroying the potential of democratic institutions to represent complex interests
● Partly question about supporters of Islam/democracy
○ Not simply question of church and state, secular vs religious
○ More subtle and important
● Everywhere in the Muslim world, have seen the rise of political Islam
○ Like original Islam of founding
○ Purpose not just for personal and group salvation but political change/reform
● Political Islamists (Islamists)
○ Believe in mission to engage in politics to purify the life of their societies relying
on religious political institutions, values, and beliefs
■ Religious politics
■ Application of religious belief to political issues
● Can also become the political religion
○ Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt or Saudi Arabia
○ Attempts to use religious and religious institutions for revolutionary change in
organization of society
● When moves from religious politics (uncontentious) to political religion, when conflict
begins
○ The conflict between those who favor largely secular politics and society and those
who propose to invigorate all aspects of social and political life with Islam
○ The debate about the organization of society as a whole
○ Have to go back to the 1970s and 1980s to understand
■ The collapse of secular socialism in the Islamic world
■ 1979– Shah of Iran overthrown by the revolution that rapidly became Islamic
the revolution led by Shia Muslim radicals
■ The regime has survived ever since
■ Become more oligarchic, repressive but retains large support
● In a Sunni world (the majority of the Muslim world)
○ The emergence of political religion in response to the collapse of secular socialism
○ Afghanistan communist regime fell
○ Fought Islamic militants who opposed the Soviet Union and socialism from 1979 to
1989
■ Lost
○ Sent beacon through all of Sunni world
■ Possible and desirable to think about reconfiguring society away from
secular European nation-state toward an Islamic political and social order
● Most productive of movements Dawa
○ Incremental reform movement from below
○ Dedicated to anti-corruption, cleansing of family life
○ Leading a good reformed political life
■ Evangelical Protestants view mission fondly
○ Hijab movement
■ Beginning in the 1970s, young Islamic middle and upper middle-class women
throughout Arab world began to cover their heads
● Once again wear a hijab
● Extreme forms in some societies
● Reinforce the idea of feminine modesty and female power (women did
it themselves) often in face of opposition from men who viewed as
anti-modernist move back
○ Reconfigure Sunni Islam throughout the Muslim world as a whole
● Democracy in Islam– is democratic politics compatible with Islamic polity?
○ Is there such a thing as a democratic Islamic state?
● Religiously conservative position
○ Democracy necessary in the modern world (at least in most cases) but not
inherently valuable
○ Means not an end
○ Very widespread
● Liberal Islamic position
○ Democracy is morally necessary; represents extension of prinicples of prophet
Muhammed as believe he practiced it in early days of Islam
● Ultra orthodox (sometimes associated with Islamic Caliphate or Boko Haram)
○ Rejections of democracy as nothing other than sinful invention from Western
colonial times
○ Should be replaced by traditional Islamic monarchy
■ Run entirely on Islam
■ Small minority position
● Majority opinion between conservative and liberal Islamic ideals
● Sharia is Islamic law
○ Living law
○ Many Muslims apply to basic daily lives
○ Primarily civil law about marriage, contracts, can/can’t be done, diet, economy,
etc
● How much Sharia law (esp civil law) is compatible with democratic institutions?
○ Or does it deny the value of political competition? — therefore attempt to limit it
● See complex relationshio with Muslim Brotherhood
○ Primarily of middle and upper class Egyptian men
○ Many grew up outside of Egypt itself
○ Semi-secret but probably hundreds of thousands of members
○ Has been repressed by Arab governments (esp those with more secular govts)
○ Link between politics and Islam very clear in MB
○ Ran presidential candidate in Egypt when appeared that old authoritarian
government had collapsed
■ And Arab spring was going to propel Egypt into a democratic future
○ Candidate won
■ Sent shockwaves through Egypt for people who thought should be more
distance between Islam and state
■ Result in military coup
● Disbanded MB movements
● Eliminated democratic politics from Egypt to this day
● Opponents of linkage of Islam and (democratic) politcs
○ Typically bureaucracy, middle class
○ Islam remains most powerful political movement in the Muslim world
■ Secular political parties much less successful
● What will be the extent of Islamization?
○ Part will be answered by new Muslim middle class (in private sector)
■ Increasingly successful, upwardly mobile, devout Muslims
■ Provide solution to question
○ See implications and consequences today in Muslim world
● Next week move into origins of tension
○ Relationship between law and religion
■ Sharia law and religion and politics in daily life

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