Power System Management
EECS 4460/5460-901
Lecture #5
Customer Demand and Considerations
1
The Beginning of the Process
Substantial Variations in Load
Customer Needs:
Reliability
Low and Stable Prices
Power Quality
Timely and Accurate Billing
Energy Efficiency
The Customer
2
On average in 2019, 154.9Million customers were served by the power industry in the U.S., a 1.0% increase from 2018.
2018 was a record consumption year at 4.178Trillion kwhr
The average use per customer was 24,792 kwhr
Total electric company revenues in 2018 were $406B
The average price to retail customers in 2019 was 10.54 cents/kwhr
Annual 2018 sales by Sector:
Industrial – 1001 GWhr (1,001,000 MWhr)
Commercial – 1382 GWhr
Residential – 1469 GWhr
Overall, for electricity….
All Data EIA unless noted
3
Total U.S. Retail Sales by Sector
4
Including Record Consumption in 2018
5
In fact, it is us … the consumer …
6
Plug it In and Turn it On…
7
Residential Consumption
“All other uses” Includes:
Washers and Dryers
Computers
Stoves
Dishwashers
Misc. Appliances
Misc. Motors
EIA, January 2019
8
Measured Residential Load Profile
9
Residential Seasonal Variations
10
Typical Daily Residential Load Profile
11
Commercial Consumption
“All other uses” Includes:
Misc. Appliances
Misc. Motors
12
Small Manufacturing – Seasonal
13
Industrial Consumption
“Machine Drives”
Includes automation
For operating machinery
14
Load Profile Components
15
Aggregated Monthly Historical Retail Load
16
Load Characteristics
Residential
Demand Factor: 70-100%
Load Factor: 10-15%
Commercial
Demand Factor: 90-100%
Load Factor: 25-30%
Industrial
Small: 0-20kw
Medium: 20-100kw
Large: 100kw +
Demand Factor: 70-80%
Load Factor: 60-65%
Load Factor =
Avg. Demand
Max. Demand
Demand Factor =
Max. Demand
Connected Load
Higher load factor lowers per unit generation costs
Next: Load Curve and Peak Load Duration Curve
17
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