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The Norton Anthology of American , Ninth Edition
Volume C
1865–1914

The Norton Anthology of American , Ninth Edition
Volume D
1914–1945

The Norton Anthology of American , Ninth Edition
Volume E

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THE NORTON ANTHOLOGY OF

AMERICAN
LITERATURE

NINTH EDITION

V O L U M E C : 1 8 6 5 – 1 9 1 4

V O L U M E A
American Lit er a ture, Beginnings to 1820 • GUSTAFSON

V O L U M E B
American Lit er a ture 1820–1865 • LEVINE

V O L U M E C
American Lit er a ture 1865–1914 • ELLIOTT

V O L U M E D
American Lit er a ture 1914–1945

LOEFFELHOLZ

V O L U M E E
American Lit er a ture since 1945

HUNGERFORD

Michael A. Elliott
PROFESSOR OF EN GLISH AND AMERICAN STUDIES

EMORY UNIVERSITY

Sandra M. Gustafson
PROFESSOR OF EN GLISH AND AMERICAN STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME

Amy Hungerford
PROFESSOR OF EN GLISH AND AMERICAN STUDIES

AND DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES

YALE UNIVERSITY

Mary Loeffelholz
PROFESSOR OF EN GLISH

NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY

B
W • W • N O R T O N & C O M P A N Y

N E W Y O R K • L O N D O N

THE NORTON ANTHOLOGY OF

AMERICAN
LITERATURE

N I N T H E D I T I O N

Robert S. Levine, General Editor
professor of en glish and

distinguished university professor and
distinguished scholar- teacher

University of Mary land, College Park

V O L U M E C : 1 8 6 5 – 1 9 1 4

v i i

Contents

PREFACE xv
AC KNOW LEDG MENTS xxvii

American Lit er a ture 1865–1914

introduction 1
Timeline 16

Wa lt Whitm a n (1819 –1892) 19
Song of Myself 23
Crossing Brooklyn Ferry 66
Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking 71
Vigil Strange I Kept on the Field One Night 75
The Wound- Dresser 76
When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d 78
From Demo cratic Vistas 85

Emily Dick inson (1830 –1886) 88
39 [I never lost as much but twice – ] 92
112 [Success is counted sweetest] 93
124 [Safe in their Alabaster Chambers – ] 93
202 [“Faith” is a “ne invention] 94
207 [I taste a liquor never brewed – ] 94
225 [I’m “wife” – I’ve “nished that – ] 94
236 [Some keep the Sabbath going to Church – ] 95
269 [Wild Nights – Wild Nights!] 95
320 [ There’s a certain Slant of light] 97
There’s a certain slant of light (1890) 97
339 [I like a look of Agony] 98
340 [I felt a Funeral, in my Brain] 98
353 [I’m ceded – I’ve stopped being Their’s – ] 98
359 [A Bird, came down the Walk – ] 99
372 [ After great pain, a formal feeling comes – ] 100
409 [The Soul selects her own Society – ] 100
448 [I died for Beauty – but was scarce] 100

v i i i | C O N T E N T S

477 [He fumbles at your Soul] 101
479 [ Because I could not stop for Death – ] 101
518 [When I was small, a Woman died – ] 102
519 [This is my letter to the World] 103
545 [They dropped like Flakes – ] 103
591 [I heard a Fly buzz – when I died – ] 103
598 [The Brain – is wider than the Sky – ] 104
620 [Much Madness is divinest Sense – ] 104
656 [I started Early – Took my Dog – ] 104
704 [My Portion is Defeat – today – ] 105
706 [I cannot live with You – ] 106
764 [My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun – ] 107
1096 [A narrow Fellow in the Grass] 108
1212 [My Triumph lasted till the Drums] 108
1263 [Tell all the Truth but tell it slant – ] 109
1668 [Apparently with no surprise] 109
1773 [My life closed twice before it’s close] 109
Letters to Thomas Went worth Higginson 110

April 15 and 25, 1862 110

Ma rk Twa in (Sa muel L. Clemens) (1835–1910) 111
The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 115
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 119

CRITICAL CONTROVERSY: RACE AND THE ENDING OF
ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN 303

Leo Marx: From Mr. Eliot, Mr. Trilling, and Huckleberry Finn 304
Julius lester: From Morality and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 307
David l. Smith: From Huck, Jim, and American Racial Discourse 308
Jane Smiley: From Say It Ain’t So, Huck: Second Thoughts on Mark

Twain’s “Masterpiece” 311
Toni Morrison: From Introduction to Adventures of

Huckleberry Finn 312
ALAN Gribben: From Introduction to the NewSouth Edition 314
Michiko Kakutani: Light Out, Huck, They Still Want

to Sivilize You 316
The Private History of a Campaign That Failed 318
Fenimore Cooper’s Literary Offences 331
The War Prayer 340

Bret Ha rte (1836 –1902) 342
The Luck of Roaring Camp 343

Willi a m Dea n How ells (1837–1920) 351
Editha 353

C O N T E N T S | i x

Henry A da ms (1838 –1918) 362
The Education of Henry Adams 364

Chapter XXV. The Dynamo and the Virgin 364

Consta nce Fenimore Woolson (1840 –1894) 373
Rodman the Keeper 374

A mbrose Bierce (1842– c. 1914) 394
An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge 395
Chickamauga 401

Henry Ja mes (1843–1916) 406
Daisy Miller: A Study 410
The Real Thing 450
The Beast in the Jungle 467

Sa r a h Winnemucca (c. 1844–1891) 497
Life Among the Piutes 498

From Chapter I. First Meeting of Piutes and Whites 498
From Chapter II. Domestic and Social Moralities 503
From Chapter VIII. The Yakima Affair 505

Joel Ch a ndler Ha rris (1848?–1908) 508
The Wonderful Tar- Baby Story 509
How Mr. Rabbit Was Too Sharp for Mr. Fox 510

Emm a L a z a rus (1849 –1887) 511
In the Jewish Synagogue at Newport 512
1492 514
The New Colossus 514

Sa r a h Orne Jew et t (1849 –1909) 515
A White Heron 516
From The Country of the Pointed Firs 523

Chapter I. The Return 523
Chapter II. Mrs. Todd 524
Chapter III. The School house 526
Chapter IV. At the School house Win dow 528
Chapter V. Captain Littlepage 529
Chapter VI. The Waiting Place 533

K ate Chopin (1850 –1904) 537
Désirée’s Baby 538
The Story of an Hour 542
The Storm 544
The Awakening 548

x | C O N T E N T S

Ma ry E. Wilk ins Freem a n (1852–1930) 639
A New Eng land Nun 640
The Revolt of “ Mother” 649

Voices from Nati v e A merica 660

Oratory
Smohalla: Comments to Major MacMurray 661
Charlot: [He has “lled graves with our bones] 664
CHIEF joseph: From An Indian’s Views of Indian Affairs 667

Narrative
Francis LaFlesche: From The Middle Five 670
ZITKALA-ŠA: Iktomi and the Fawn 675

The Ghost Dance Songs and the Wounded Knee Massacre 680
[Flat Pipe is telling me] 681
[ Father, have pity on me] 681
[The Crow Woman] 681

nicholas Black Elk and John G. Neihardt:
From Black Elk Speaks 682

Charles Alexander Eastman:
From From the Deep Woods to Civilization 687

JosÉ Ma rtÍ (1853–1895) 691
Our Amer i ca 692

Book er T. Washington (1856 –1915) 699
Up from Slavery 701

Chapter I. A Slave among Slaves 701
Chapter II. Boyhood Days 709
Chapter XIV. The Atlanta Exposition Address 716

Ch a rles W. Chesnu t t (1858 –1932) 724
The Goophered Grapevine 726
Po’ Sandy 733
The Wife of His Youth 740
The Passing of Grandison 749

Pauline Eliz a beth Hopk ins (1859 –1930) 761
Talma Gordon 762

Ha mlin Ga rl a nd (1860 –1940) 774
Under the Lion’s Paw 775

C O N T E N T S | x i

A br a h a m Ca h a n (1860 –1951) 785
Yekl: A Tale of the New York Ghetto 787

Ch a rlot te Perk ins Gilm a n (1860 –1935) 842
The Yellow Wall- paper 844
Why I Wrote “The Yellow Wallpaper”? 856

Edith Wh a rton (1862–1937) 857
The Other Two 859
Roman Fever 872

Ida B. Wells- Ba rnet t (1862–1931) 881
From Mob Rule in New Orleans 883

Sui Sin Fa r (Edith Maud Eaton) (1865–1914) 908
Mrs. Spring Fragrance 909

W. E. B. Du Bois (1868 –1963) 918
The Souls of Black Folk 920

The Forethought 920
I. Of Our Spiritual Strivings 921
III. Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others 927
XIII. Of the Coming of John 937
XIV. Of the Sorrow Songs 947

rea lism a nd natur a lism 955

william dean howells: From Editor’s Study 956
henry james: From The Art of Fiction 961
HAMLIN GARLAND: From Local Color in Art 963
William Roscoe Thayer: From The New Story- Tellers

and the Doom of Realism 965

frank norris: A Plea for Romantic Fiction 968
jack london: From What Life Means to Me 971
Charlotte Perkins Gilman: From Masculine Lit er a ture 974

Fr a nk Norris (1870 –1902) 976
A Deal in Wheat 977

Theodore Dreiser (1871–1945) 985
Sister Carrie 987

Chapter I 987
Chapter III 994

x i i | C O N T E N T S

Stephen Cr a ne (1871–1900) 1002
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 1004
The Open Boat 1048
From The Black Riders 1064
From War Is Kind 1065

Ja mes Weldon Johnson (1871–1938) 1067
Lift Every Voice and Sing 1069
Autobiography of an Ex- Colored Man 1070

Chapter I 1070
Chapter X 1076

Paul L aurence Dunba r (1872–1906) 1093
When Malindy Sings 1094
An Ante- Bellum Sermon 1096
We Wear the Mask 1098
Sympathy 1099
Harriet Beecher Stowe 1099
Frederick Douglass 1100

John M. Osk ison (1874–1947) 1101
The Prob lem of Old Harjo 1102

Jack London (1876 –1916) 1107
The of Life 1108
To Build a Fire 1113

ZITK A L A-ŠA (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin) (1876 –1938) 1124
Impressions of an Indian Childhood 1127

I. My Mother 1127
II. The Legends 1128
VII. The Big Red Apples 1130

The School Days of an Indian Girl 1133
I. The Land of Red Apples 1133
II. The Cutting of My Long Hair 1134
V. Iron Routine 1136
VI. Four Strange Summers 1137
VII. Incurring My Mother’s Dis plea sure 1139

The Soft- Hearted Sioux 1141
Why I Am a Pagan 1146

Up ton Sincl a ir (1878 –1968) 1148
The Jungle 1150

Chapter IX 1150

C O N T E N T S | x i i i

becoming a merica n in the gilded age 1157

HORATIO ALGER: From Ragged Dick 1158
ANDREW CAR NE GIE: From The Gospel of Wealth 1161
frederick jackson turner: From The Significance of the

Frontier in American History 1164

theodore roo se velt 1169
From American Ideals 1169
From The Strenuous Life 1172

CHARLES W. CHESNUTT: From The Future American 1175
jane addams: Twenty Years at Hull- House 1179

From Chapter V. First Days at Hull- House 1180
From Chapter XI. Immigrants and Their Children 1182

Horace Kallen: From Democracy versus the Melting Pot 1185

selected Bibliographies C1
Permissions Acknowledgments C21
Index C23

x v

Preface to the Ninth Edition

The Ninth Edition of The Norton Anthology of American Lit er a ture is the “rst
for me as General Editor; for the Eighth Edition, I served as Associate
General Editor under longstanding General Editor Nina Baym. On the
occasion of a new general editorship, we have undertaken one of the most
extensive revisions in our long publishing history. Three new section editors
have joined the team: Sandra M. Gustafson, Professor of En glish and Con-
current Professor of American Studies at the University of Notre Dame,
who succeeds Wayne Franklin and Philip Gura as editor of “American
Lit er a ture, Beginnings to 1820”; Michael A. Elliott, Professor of En glish at
Emory University, who succeeds Nina Baym, Robert S. Levine, and Jeanne
Campbell Reesman as editor of “American Lit er a ture, 1865–1914”; and
Amy Hungerford, Professor of En glish and American Studies at Yale Uni-
versity, who succeeds Jerome Klinkowitz and Patricia B. Wallace as editor
of “American Lit er a ture since 1945.” These editors join Robert S. Levine,
editor of “American Lit er a ture, 1820–1865,” and Mary Loeffelholz, editor
of “American Lit er a ture, 1914–1945.” Each editor, new or continuing, is a
well- known expert in the relevant “eld or period and has ultimate responsi-
bility for his or her section of the anthology, but we have worked closely
from “rst to last to rethink all aspects of this new edition. Volume introduc-
tions, author headnotes, thematic clusters, annotations, illustrations, and
biblio graphies have all been updated and revised. We have also added a
number of new authors, se lections, and thematic clusters. We are excited
about the outcome of our collaboration and anticipate that, like the previous
eight editions, this edition of The Norton Anthology of American Lit er a ture
will continue to lead the “eld.

From the anthology’s inception in 1979, the editors have had three main
aims: “rst, to pres ent a rich and substantial enough variety of works to
enable teachers to build courses according to their own vision of American
literary history (thus, teachers are offered more authors and more se lections
than they will prob ably use in any one course); second, to make the anthol-
ogy self- suf”cient by featuring many works in their entirety along with
extensive se lections for individual authors; third, to balance traditional
interests with developing critical concerns in a way that allows for the com-
plex, rigorous, and capacious study of American literary traditions. As early
as 1979, we anthologized work by Anne Bradstreet, Mary Rowlandson,
Sarah Kemble Knight, Phillis Wheatley, Margaret Fuller, Harriet Beecher
Stowe, Frederick Douglass, Sarah Orne Jewett, Kate Chopin, Mary E. Wilkins
Freeman, Booker  T. Washington, Charles  W. Chesnutt, Edith Wharton,

x v i | P R E F A C E T O T H E N I N T H E D I T I O N

W. E. B. Du Bois, and other writers who were not yet part of a standard canon.
Yet we never shortchanged writers— such as Franklin, Emerson, Whitman,
Hawthorne, Melville, Dickinson, Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Faulkner—
whose work many students expected to read in their American lit er a ture
courses, and whom most teachers then and now would not think of doing
without.

The so- called canon wars of the 1980s and  1990s usefully initiated a
review of our understanding of American lit er a ture, a review that has
enlarged the number and diversity of authors now recognized as contributors
to the totality of American lit er a ture. The traditional writers look dif fer ent
in this expanded context, and they also appear dif fer ent according to which
of their works are selected. Teachers and students remain committed to the
idea of the literary— that writers strive to produce artifacts that are both
intellectually serious and formally skillful— but believe more than ever that
writers should be understood in relation to their cultural and historical
situations. We address the complex interrelationships between lit er a ture
and history in the volume introductions, author headnotes, chronologies,
and some of the footnotes. As in previous editions, we have worked with
detailed suggestions from many teachers on how best to pres ent the authors
and se lections. We have gained insights as well from the students who use
the anthology. Thanks to questionnaires, face- to- face and phone discus-
sions, letters, and email, we have been able to listen to those for whom this
book is intended. For the Ninth Edition, we have drawn on the careful
commentary of over 240 reviewers and reworked aspects of the anthology
accordingly.

Our new materials continue the work of broadening the canon by repre-
senting thirteen new writers in depth, without sacri”cing widely assigned
writers, many of whose se lections have been reconsidered, reselected, and
expanded. Our aim is always to provide extensive enough se lections to do
the writers justice, including complete works wherever pos si ble. Our Ninth
Edition offers complete longer works, including Hawthorne’s The Scarlet
Letter and Kate Chopin’s The Awakening, and such new and recently added
works as Margaret Fuller’s The Great suit, Abraham Cahan’s Yekl: A
Tale of the New York Ghetto, Nella Larsen’s Passing, Katherine Anne Por-
ter’s Pale Horse, Pale Rider, Nathanael West’s The Day of the Locust, and
August Wilson’s Fences. Two complete works— Eugene O’Neill’s Long Day’s
Journey into Night and Tennessee Williams’s A Streetcar Named Desire— are
exclusive to The Norton Anthology of American Lit er a ture. Charles Brockden
Brown, Louisa May Alcott, Upton Sinclair, and Junot Díaz are among the
writers added to the prior edition, and to this edition we have introduced
John Rollin Ridge, Constance Fenimore Woolson, George Saunders, and
Natasha Tretheway, among others. We have also expanded and in some
cases recon”gured such central “gures as Franklin, Hawthorne, Dickin-
son, Twain, and Hemingway, offering new approaches in the headnotes,
along with some new se lections. In fact, the headnotes and, in many cases,
se lections for such frequently assigned authors as William Bradford, Wash-
ington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant, Lydia
Maria Child, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Har-
riet Beecher Stowe, Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, Henry James,
Kate Chopin, W. E. B. Du Bois, Edith Wharton, Willa Cather, and William

P R E F A C E T O T H E N I N T H E D I T I O N | x v i i

Faulkner have been revised, updated, and in some cases entirely rewritten
in light of recent scholarship. The Ninth Edition further expands its
se lections of women writers and writers from diverse ethnic, racial, and
regional backgrounds— always with attention to the critical acclaim that
recognizes their contributions to the American literary rec ord. New and
recently added writers such as Samson Occom, Jane Johnston Schoolcraft,
John Rollin Ridge, and Sarah Winnemucca, along with the “gures repre-
sented in “Voices from Native Amer i ca,” enable teachers to bring early
Native American writing and oratory into their syllabi, or should they pre-
fer, to focus on these se lections as a freestanding unit leading toward the
moment after 1945 when Native writers fully entered the mainstream of
literary activity.

We are pleased to continue our popu lar innovation of topical gatherings
of short texts that illuminate the cultural, historical, intellectual, and literary
concerns of their respective periods. Designed to be taught in a class period
or two, or used as background, each of the sixteen clusters consists of brief,
carefully excerpted primary and (in one case) secondary texts, about six
to ten per cluster, and an introduction. Diverse voices— many new to the
anthology— highlight a range of views current when writers of a par tic u lar
time period were active, and thus allow students better to understand some
of the large issues that were being debated at par tic u lar historical moments.
For example, in “Slavery, Race, and the Making of American Lit er a ture,”
texts by David Walker, William Lloyd Garrison, Angelina Grimké,
Sojourner Truth, James  M. Whit”eld, and Martin  R. Delany speak to the
great paradox of pre– Civil War Amer i ca: the contradictory rupture between
the realities of slavery and the nation’s ideals of freedom.

The Ninth Edition strengthens this feature with eight new and revised
clusters attuned to the requests of teachers. To help students address the
controversy over race and aesthetics in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, we
have revised a cluster in Volume C that shows what some of the leading
critics of the past few de cades thought was at stake in reading and interpret-
ing slavery and race in Twain’s canonical novel. New to Volume A is “American
Lit er a ture and the Va ri e ties of Religious Expression,” which includes
se lections by Elizabeth Ashbridge, John Woolman, and John Marrant, while
Volume B offers “Science and Technology in the Pre– Civil War Nation.”
Volume C newly features “Becoming American in the Gilded Age,” and
we continue to include the useful “Modernist Manifestos” in Volume D. We
have added to the popu lar “Creative Non”ction” in Volume E new se lections
by David Foster Wallace and Hunter S. Thompson, who join such writers as
Jamaica Kincaid and Joan Didion.

The Ninth Edition features an expanded illustration program, both of
the black-and-white images, 145 of which are placed throughout the vol-
umes, and of the color plates so popu lar in the last two editions. In select-
ing color plates— from Elizabeth Graham’s embroidered map of Washington,
D.C., at the start of the nineteenth century to Jeff Wall’s “After ‘Invisible
Man’ ” at the beginning of the twenty- “rst— the editors aim to provide
images relevant to literary works in the anthology while depicting arts and
artifacts representative of each era. In addition, graphic works— segments
from the colonial children’s classic The New- Eng land Primer and from Art
Spiegelman’s canonical graphic novel, Maus, and a facsimile page of Emily

x v i i i | P R E F A C E T O T H E N I N T H E D I T I O N

Dickinson manuscript, along with the many new illustrations— open possi-
bilities for teaching visual texts.

Period- by- Period Revisions

Volume A, Beginnings to 1820. Sandra M. Gustafson, the new editor of
Volume A, has substantially revised the volume. Prior editions of Volume A
were broken into two historical sections, with two introductions and a
dividing line at the year 1700; Gustafson has dropped that arti”cial divide
to tell a more coherent and `uid story (in her new introduction) about the
variety of American lit er a tures during this long period. The volume continues
to feature narratives by early Eu ro pean explorers of the North American
continent as they encountered and attempted to make sense of the diverse
cultures they met, and as they sought to justify their aim of claiming the
territory for Eu ro pe ans. These are precisely the issues foregrounded by
the revised cluster “First Encounters: Early Eu ro pean Accounts of Native
Amer i ca,” which gathers writings by Hernán Cortés, Samuel de Champlain,
Robert Juet, and others, including the newly added Thomas Harriot. In
addition to the standing material from The Bay Psalm Book, we include
new material by Roger Williams; additional poems by Annis Boudinot
Stockton; Abigail Adams’s famous letter urging her husband to “Remember
the Ladies”; an additional se lection from Olaudah Equiano on his post-
emancipation travels; and Charles Brockden Brown’s “Memoirs of Carwin
the Biloquist” (the complete “prequel” to his “rst novel, Wieland). We con-
tinue to offer the complete texts of Rowlandson’s enormously in`uential A
Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, Ben-
jamin Franklin’s Autobiography (which remains one of the most compelling
works on the emergence of an “American” self), Royall Tyler’s popu lar play
The Contrast, and Hannah Foster’s novel The Coquette, which uses a real-
life tragedy to meditate on the proper role of well- bred women in the new
republic and testi”es to the existence of a female audience for the popu lar
novels of the period. New to this volume is Washington Irving, a writer
who looks back to colonial history and forward to Jacksonian Amer i ca.
The inclusion of Irving in both Volumes A and B, with one key overlapping
se lection, points to continuities and changes between the two volumes.

Five new and revised thematic clusters of texts highlight themes central
to Volume A. In addition to “First Encounters,” we have included “Native
American Oral Lit er a ture,” “American Lit er a ture and the Va ri e ties of Reli-
gious Expression,” “Ethnographic and Naturalist Writings,” and “Native
American Eloquence: Negotiation and Re sis tance.” “Native American Oral
Lit er a ture” features creation stories, trickster tales, oratory, and poetry from
a spectrum of traditions, while “Native American Eloquence” collects
speeches and accounts by Canassatego and Native American women (both
new to the volume), Pontiac, Chief Logan (as cited by Thomas Jefferson),
and Tecumseh, which, as a group, illustrate the centuries- long pattern of
initial peaceful contact between Native Americans and whites mutating into
bitter and violent con`ict. This cluster, which focuses on Native Americans’
points of view, complements “First Encounters,” which focuses on Eu ro pean
colonizers’ points of view. The Native American presence in the volume is
further expanded with increased repre sen ta tion of Samson Occom, which

P R E F A C E T O T H E N I N T H E D I T I O N | x i x

includes an excerpt from his sermon at the execution of Moses Paul, and
the inclusion of Sagoyewatha in “American Lit er a ture and the Va ri e ties of
Religious Expression.” Strategically located between the Congregationalist
Protestant (or late- Puritan) Jonathan Edwards and the Enlightenment “g-
ure Franklin, this cluster brings together works from the perspectives of
the major religious groups of the early Amer i cas, including Quakerism
(poems by Francis Daniel Pastorius, se lections from autographical narratives
of Elizabeth Ashbridge and John Woolman), Roman Catholicism (poems by
Sor Juana, two Jesuit Relations, with biographical accounts of Father Isaac
Jogues and Kateri Tekakwitha), dissenting Protestantism (Marrant), Juda-
ism (Rebecca Samuel), and indigenous beliefs (Sagoyewatha). The new
cluster “Ethnographic and Naturalist Writings” includes writings by Sarah
Kemble Knight and William Byrd, along with new se lections by Alexander
Hamilton, William Bartram, and Hendrick Aupaumut. With this cluster,
the new cluster on science and technology in Volume B, and a number of
new se lections and revisions in Volumes C, D, and E, the Ninth Edition pays
greater attention to the impact of science on American literary traditions.

Volume B, American Lit er a ture, 1820–1865. Under the editorship of …