Received: 8 December 2017 Revised: 5 April 2018 Accepted: 11 April 2018
DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27228
Pediatric
Blood &
Cancer The American Society ofPediatric Hematology/Oncology
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Sickle Cell Clinical Research and Intervention Program
(SCCRIP): A lifespan cohort study for sickle cell disease
progression from the pediatric stage into adulthood
Jane S. Hankins1 Jeremie H. Estepp1 Jason R. Hodges1
Martha A. Villavicencio1 Leslie L. Robison2 Mitchell J. Weiss1 Guolian Kang3
Jane E. Schreiber4∗ Jerlym S. Porter4 Sue C. Kaste5,6,7 Kay L. Saving8
Paulette C. Bryant9 Jeffrey E. Deyo10 Kerri A. Nottage11 Allison A. King12
Amanda M. Brandow13 Jeffrey D. Lebensburger14 Oyebimpe Adesina15
Stella T. Chou16 Babette S. Zemel17 Matthew P. Smeltzer18 Winfred C. Wang1
James G. Gurney18
1Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
2Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
3Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
4Department of , St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
5Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
6Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
7Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
8OSF Healthcare Children’s Hospital of Illinois, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois
9Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Novant Health Hemby Children’s Hospital, Charlotte, North Carolina
10Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Our Lady of the Lake Children’s Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
11Janssen Research & Development, Raritan, New Jersey
12Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
13Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
14Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
15Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
16Division of Hematology and the Apheresis Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
17Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
18School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
Correspondence
JaneS.Hankins,DepartmentofHematology,St.
JudeChildren’sResearchHospital,332Danny
ThomasPlace,MailStop800Memphis,TN
38105.
Email: [email protected]
∗JaneE.Schreiber’snewaffiliationiswithinthe
DepartmentofChildandAdolescentPsychiatry
andBehavioralSciences,Children’sHospitalof
Philadelphia,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.
Grantsponsor:ALSAC
Abstract
Background: Previous natural history studies have advanced the understanding of sickle cell
disease (SCD), but generally have not included sufficient lifespan data or investigation of the
role of genetics in clinical outcomes, and have often occurred before the widespread use of
disease-modifying therapies, such as hydroxyurea and chronic erythrocyte transfusions. To fur-
ther advance knowledge of SCD, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital established the Sickle Cell
ClinicalResearchandInterventionProgram(SCCRIP),toconductresearchinaclinicallyevaluated
cohort of individuals with SCD across their lifetime.
Abbreviations: CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; EMR, electronic medical record; Hb, hemoglobin; NIH, National Institutes of Health; PRO, patient-reported outcome; SCCRIP,
Sickle Cell Clinical Research and Intervention Program; SCD, sickle cell disease; St. Jude, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2018;65:e27228. c© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 1 of 12wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pbc
https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.27228
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4439-7321
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1002%2Fpbc.27228&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2018-05-24
2 of 12 HANKINS ET AL.
Procedures: Initiated in 2014, the SCCRIP study prospectively recruits patients diagnosed with
SCD and includes retrospective and longitudinal collection of clinical, neurocognitive, geospatial,
psychosocial, and health outcomes data. Biological samples are banked for future genomics and
proteomics studies. The organizational structure of SCCRIP is based upon organ/system-specific
working groups and is opened to the research community for partnerships.
Results: As of August 2017, 1,044 (92.3% of eligible) patients with SCD have enrolled in the study
(860 children and 184 adults), with 11,915 person-years of observation. Population demographics
included mean age at last visit of 11.3 years (range 0.7–30.1), 49.8% females, 57.7% treated with
hydroxyurea, 8.5% treated with monthly transfusions, and 62.9% hemoglobin (Hb) SS or HbSB0-
thalassemia, 25.7% HbSC, 8.4% HbsB+-Thalassemia, 1.7% HbS/HPFH, and 1.2% other.
Conclusions: The SCCRIP cohort will provide a rich resource for the conduct of high impact multi-
disciplinary research in SCD.
K E Y W O R D S
disease-modifying therapy, natural history, sickle cell anemia
1 INTRODUCTION
An estimated 100,000 individuals in the United States live with sickle
cell disease (SCD),1 and worldwide an estimated 300,000 babies are
born with the disease each year.2,3 The clinical consequences are
severe and include recurrent episodes of acute severe pain, chronic
pain, cerebrovascular events, progressive organ damage, and early
death.
In the United States and other high-income countries, survival
to adulthood of children with SCD has increased over the past five
decades from 50% to greater than 95%.1,4–7 This survival increase is
primarily due to mandatory newborn screening, infection prevention
with penicillin prophylaxis and pneumococcal vaccination, improved
supportive care, and increased use of disease-modifying therapies,
such as hydroxyurea and chronic erythrocyte transfusions.8–13 How-
ever, accumulation of end-organ damage to the heart, lungs, brain,
kidneys, and bones continues to occur.14 This organ damage man-
ifests in young adults with higher rates of acute health utilization,
emergency room reliance, and hospitalization.15,16 Disease-related
mortality rises in young adults and the median age of death among
adults with hemoglobin (Hb) SS and HbS?0-thalassemia is mid to late
40s.1,17,18
Understanding the natural history of SCD across the lifespan
in the contemporary medical environment is crucial, because the
substantial improvement in pediatric survival contrasts with lesser
gains in health outcomes among adults. A particular challenge is
the assessment of clinical outcomes during the vulnerable period of
transition from the pediatric to the adult care setting. During this
transitional period, deficits in preparation, planning, care coordi-
nation, and available skilled adult care providers lead to low rates
of engagement in adult care and interrupt care continuity.19,20
Without an appropriate infrastructure to collect longitudinal
health outcomes data as children age into adulthood, informa-
tion will be limited, insufficient to answer questions examining
disease progression, and unlikely to stimulate progress in the
field.
1.1 Knowledge gained from early SCD cohorts
Three early cohort studies have informed much of our understanding
of the epidemiology and natural history of SCD, although each began
prior to the advent and widespread use of current disease-modifying
therapies; these are the Jamaican Cohort Study (1973–1981),21,22
the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease (1979–1999),23,24 and
the Dallas cohort study (1983 to present)25 (Table 1). These stud-
ies provided the foundation for understanding variations in the dis-
ease severity phenotype, acute complications of SCD, survival rates,
mortality risks, laboratory values, and the basis for sepsis and stroke
prevention.6,26–41 Over the past decade, clinical trials have demon-
strated the benefit of hydroxyurea 42,43 and erythrocyte transfusions
for stroke prevention, building on the knowledge from earlier cohort
studies. More recently, smaller retrospective and prospective cohort
studies have shown that hydroxyurea may reduce mortality and pre-
vent organ damage.44–48 Thus, SCD cohort studies that factor in long-
term health effects of disease-modifying therapies, such as hydrox-
yurea and chronic erythrocyte transfusions begun in childhood, should
be the gold standard for observational and interventional research
studies in the modern era.
From our current perspective, important limitations of these ear-
lier cohorts were the lack of sufficient longitudinal data to cover the
full lifespan (i.e., studies were focused on either children or adults), the
limited genotype–phenotype studies, and the insufficient exposure to
disease-modifying therapies. The long-term follow-up of the phase III
BABY HUG study (NCT00890396) has been monitoring the long-term
effects of hydroxyurea therapy, but this cohort study is relatively small
and data collection has ended. More recent cohorts that have included
patients exposed to disease-modifying therapies have lacked sufficient
internalcomparativegroups,suchaspatientsnotexposedtotherapies,
limiting their external validity.
1.2 Scientific importance of SCCRIP
Longitudinal evaluation of outcomes throughout the lifespan will
enhance our understanding of disease progression, identify early
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HANKINS ET AL. 3 of 12
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4 of 12 HANKINS ET AL.
predictors of later outcomes, elucidate the roles of genetic, pro-
teomics, and environmental factors on health outcomes, and define
the long-term impact of therapies. To address these goals and circum-
vent the limitations of prior studies, we initiated the Sickle Cell Clinical
Research and Intervention Program (SCCRIP, NCT 02098863). Here
we describe the design of SCCRIP, including its systematic approach
to data abstraction according to developmental stage, particularly the
transition from pediatric to adult care, and how the phenotype data
are being classified in a fashion that can be compared across multiple
institutions.
2 METHODS
2.1 Study aims and design
Initiated in April 2014, SCCRIP is a cohort study with prospective
follow-up, ongoing data accrual, and retrospective collection of exten-
sive clinical history. The overarching goal of SCCRIP is to under-
stand the clinical, biological, and psychosocial progression of SCD
and factors contributing to early mortality across the lifespan, with
the ultimate goal of facilitating effective therapies. The objectives
are two-fold: (1) to establish a longitudinal clinical cohort of patients
with SCD; and (2) to establish a biorepository of DNA, urine, and
plasma.
2.2 SCCRIP participating sites
SCCRIP enrolls patients from five institutions (Figure 1). These sites
were chosen based on the size of their SCD population, their relation-
ship with St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital (St. Jude), and ability to
perform uninterrupted data collection from birth through adulthood.
St. Jude, the clinical and data coordinating site, treats 850 children
with SCD from birth to age 18 years. Through Tennessee and Missis-
sippi State Health Department contracts, St. Jude has been the referral
treatment center for new SCD cases from west Tennessee and north
Mississippi, diagnosed through the newborn screening programs in
those states, for the past 20 years. Following referral to St. Jude, 100%
of infants with newly diagnosed SCD are seen in the SCD clinic and
initiate penicillin prophylaxis within 2 months.49 Care provided by St.
Jude is free (including medications), and support with transportation
and meals is provided during regular and study visits.50 Approximately
80% of St. Jude patients transfer care to the Comprehensive Sickle
Cell Program in the partnering Methodist University Hospital, ensur-
ing care continuity and uninterrupted research data ascertainment.51
The Methodist University Hospital is located 2.5 miles from the St.
Jude campus, and currently cares for 300 adults, of whom approxi-
mately90%areformerSt.Judepatients.Aftertransitionofcare,adults
are followed similarly to children, with health-maintenance visits at
least twice per year when chronic end-organ damage is performed as
standard of care. The remaining three sites belong to the St. Jude Affil-
iate Program and share the purpose of extending protocol-structured
treatment and research through clinical, research, and academic part-
nerships. Support with meal expenses and transportation costs related
FIGURE 1 SCCRIP participants’ geographical distribution. The
1,044 SCCRIP participants are distributed among the following five
sites in four states: two in Memphis, TN (St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital and Methodist University Hospital), one in Peoria, IL (OSF
Healthcare Children’s Hospital of Illinois), one in Charlotte, NC
(Novant Health Hemby Children’s Hospital), and one in Baton Rouge,
LA (Our Lady of the Lake Children’s Hospital)
to study visits are provided by St. Jude. Collectively, these five insti-
tutions care for approximately 1,600 individuals with SCD and con-
tribute geographic, social, and environmental diversity to the SCCRIP
clinical cohort.
2.3 SCCRIP organizational structure
The SCCRIP multidisciplinary research team blends expertise in
pediatric and adult hematology, nephrology, pulmonology, cardiology,
radiology, pain, psychology, bone metabolism, transfusion medicine,
epidemiology, genetic epidemiology, biostatistics, social sciences, com-
putational biology, bioinformatics, geocoding, and data management.
Research-related activities within SCCRIP are divided into nine Work-
ing Groups, which focus on questions related to a specific organ sys-
tem, disease complication, or therapy, and provide primary oversight
for the development and conduct of research initiatives. Investiga-
tors seeking to answer specific research questions are required to
collaborate with the appropriate Working Group(s) and complete a
concept proposal (Supplementary Material S1) that is reviewed and
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HANKINS ET AL. 5 of 12
FIGURE 2 SCCRIP organizational structure. SCCRIP’s scientific ini-
tiatives are driven by the Working Groups, which are composed of St.
Jude and external investigators. The Steering Committee vets all con-
cept proposals from the Working Groups and follows recommenda-
tions from the Executive Committee regarding major study delibera-
tions. Plans are in place to expand SCCRIP collaboration to the SCD
community by allowing access to the SCCRIP resource to external col-
laborators beyond current collaborators
approved by the Steering Committee, comprised of SCCRIP investi-
gators. The SCCRIP Steering Committee evaluates the quality of the
science,design,andanalyticalplanforeachnewresearchproposal.The
Executive Committee is responsible for major deliberations and con-
flict resolution within SCCRIP. A number of committees provide over-
sight of activities related to the publication of results from SCCRIP,
and access and utilization of the SCCRIP resource. An external advi-
sory committee, consisting of pediatric oncologists, pediatric hema-
tologists, epidemiologists, and biostatisticians, provides input into the
currentandfutureactivities.Inthefuture, it isourplantoopenSCCRIP
data access to the broader SCD research community. In this model,
non-SCCRIP investigators will have access to SCCRIP data and sam-
ples, once approved by the Steering Committee. Figure 2 outlines the
organizational structure for SCCRIP.
2.4 Subject sampling and follow-up strategy
Participants are prospectively recruited if they have a diagnosis of
SCD of any type and receive treatment at one of the five participat-
ing sites. Participants are not selected based on disease severity or
treatment exposure. Prospective data collection starts at study enroll-
ment, but existing clinical and laboratory data, when available, are ret-
rospectively collected from the point of first encounter with the health
care system. This strategy for data collection allows for reconstruc-
tion of the participant’s entire medical and treatment history regard-
less of the age at enrollment. There is no final enrollment goal for the
study. Rather, we plan to approach and enroll the entire SCD popu-
lation managed by all participating sites. Once enrolled, participants
are categorized according to one of the following six developmental
age cohorts: newborn (0 to 5.9 months), infant-toddler (6 months to
5.9 years), school age child (6–11.9 years), adolescent (12–17.9 years),
young adult (18–24.9 years), and older adult (25 and older). This cohort
categorization allows for the classification of clinical and laboratory-
based variables according to age, facilitating both longitudinal and
age-stratified analyses.
2.5 Data variables
All clinical and laboratory assessments performed as standard of care
for SCD are defined by national standards or institutional clinical
practice.52 SCCRIP data are collected at standard intervals and classi-
fied into the following three tiers (Table 2): universal (e.g. Hb fraction-
ation, urine microalbumin), risk-based (e.g. transcranial Doppler ultra-
sound in children aged 2–16 years with HbSS and HbS0-thalassemia),
and symptom-based (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging to investigate
osteonecrosis due to prolonged joint pain, impaired range of motion,
and debility). Healthcare utilization (e.g. admission, acute care vis-
its) and educational attainment data are also collected for the entire
cohort. Additionally, participants are offered optional research activ-
ities every 6 years, including banking of biospecimens (urine, plasma,
and DNA), measurement of high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and
assessment of health-related quality of life using the PedsQLTM
instrument (generic, SCD, and multidimensional fatigue modules, and
the corresponding adult versions once participants reach adult age)
(Table 2).53–55 After transition from pediatric to adult clinical care,
SCCRIP adult participants return to St. Jude every 6 years for compre-
hensive data collection to assess disease status.
2.6 Consenting process and institutional review
board oversight
Subjects are approached during nonacute health maintenance visits
and informed consent is obtained directly from participants who are
18 years of age and older or their legal guardian, if subjects are minors.
Verbal assent is obtained from minors who are between the ages of 7
and 13 years, and signed assent from those between 14 and 17 years
of age. When participants reach the age of majority (18 years), they are
reconsented into the study.
A tiered consent provides subjects with opt-in/opt-out choices
for participating in the research activities beyond the collection
of past and future standard of care data (Table 2, optional evalua-
tions). Extensive discussion regarding future genetic testing takes
place during informed consent, including the information that these
studies are performed in a laboratory not approved by Clinical
Laboratory Improvement Amendments and will not be returned to
the participants. Opt-in/opt-out choices for recontacting partici-
pants due to incidental findings are provided. Examples of potential
future research with subjects’ biospecimens and the potential
risks to loss of privacy are discussed in the context of genomics
research. Public sharing of genetic data will occur according to
the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Genomic Data Sharing Policy
(https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-14-124.html)
for NIH-funded projects. Access requests from non-SCCRIP investiga-
tors for combined genetic and phenotypic data for hypothesis-driven
research may be approved after completion of a concept proposal
(Supplementary Material S1). The SCCRIP Steering Committee will
evaluate external concepts on the scientific significance, innovation,
and approach of their proposed project as well as the investigative
team, research environment, and funding availability.
https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-14-124.html
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.
HANKINS ET AL. 7 of 12
FIGURE 3 Consort diagram for SCCRIP. The overall acceptance par-
ticipation rate is 92.3% and acceptance of optional research activities
(biobanking of DNA, urine, and plasma) is 97.9%
3 DATA MANAGEMENT
SCCRIP study staff document all interactions with eligible and enrolled
participants through an electronic tracking database. The program
generates reports that summarize enrollment and study-related
information and notifies study staff of upcoming study events for
each subject, such as time to complete age of majority consents and
time to enter study-specific orders. Data sources for SCCRIP include
patient-reported outcome (PRO) surveys and data electronically or
manually abstracted from medical charts. PRO data are gathered
electronically using a mobile device (tablet), and stored in an electronic
data management system, to later be extracted and deposited into
the SCCRIP database. Clinical data are extracted in a table format
from each site’s electronic medical record (EMR, Cerner R© or Epic R©
software systems) through a series of queries or custom reports, which
local information technology staff develop and execute regularly. Data
from external sites are securely transmitted and uploaded to St. Jude
regularly using Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–
compliant protocols. Participants’ addresses are geocoded annually
using ArcGIS (Esri, Redlands, CA) to determine the socio-economic
characteristics of participants’ neighborhoods and proximity to both
resources (e.g. food access, parks, schools) and environmental hazards
(e.g. interstates, airports). Once collected, SCCRIP phenotype data
undergo an additional iterative step to match the clinical events
according to the consensus measures for phenotypes and exposures
(PhenX) toolkit. (https://www.phenxtoolkit.org).56 Approximately
80% of SCCRIP and PhenX data are concordant (Supplementary
Table S1).
To facilitate data analyses, an annual data freeze is performed. For
each data domain, computer programs (1) download and perform qual-
ity control checks; (2) merge data from disparate sources; (3) import
relevant data fields from other external sources; and (4) save a sin-
gle analytical dataset containing all required data elements. SCCRIP
data management operations require a substantial amount of human
resources. Currently, the study has two data managers who perform
data extraction, data structuring, and data cleaning and seven research
coordinators who perform patient consenting, PRO collection, and
manual data abstraction, and help coordinate data transfer from all
sites.
3.1 Data analysis plan and lost-to-follow-up tracing
The assigned study statistician will conduct the analytical plan and
return aggregate results and graphical display of data to the inves-
tigators for manuscript or grant preparation. A system to trace
lost-to-follow-up from death is in place through annual searches of
the National Death Index, a program maintained by the National
Center for Health from the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC). These annual searches will allow for mor-
tality ascertainment (date and cause of death) for lost-to-follow-up
cases.
4 RESULTS
4.1 Participant enrollment
As …
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