Crime and Deviance Presentation

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04 August 2011
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Correction Notice

Crime and Justice

ST41

Due to a production error, data in the key points under Prisons and sentencing
(bullet point 1) and the units used in Table 5 (page 17) and the associated text were
incorrect.

Text for Table 6 has been amended as it should refer to people sentenced for
indictable offences not people in prison as previously stated.

ONS apologises for any inconvenience caused.

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Social Trends 41

Crime and
Justice

Louise Clarke

Edition No.: Social Trends 41

Editor: Jen Beaumont

Office for National

Crime and Justice Social Trends 41

Office for National

ISSN 2040–1620

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Office for National 1

Crime and Justice ST 41

This chapter reports on data about crimes recorded by the police in the United Kingdom. We also
report on information about crime levels, types of offence and victims of crime and how residents of
England and Wales perceive changes in levels of crime both nationally and locally. The chapter
then discusses statistics on offenders, prisons, sentencing and the police.

Key Points

Crime levels

 Of the 9.6 million crimes in England and Wales in 2010/11, almost two-thirds (5.9 million) were
household crime and the remainder 3.8 million offences, were personal crime

 In 2009/10 in England and Wales, crime levels were at their historically lowest levels since the
survey began in 1981

 In 2009/10 across the UK, there were 4.8 million crimes recorded by the police a fall of 8 per
cent from 5.2 million offences in 2008/09

Offences and victims

 There were 7,006 offences in England and Wales, in which a firearm was reported to have been
used and reported to the police in 2010/11. This was a decrease of 36 per cent from the peak of
11,088 in 2005/06

 In England and Wales in 2009/10, 619 deaths were recorded as homicide, a decrease of 4 per
cent compared with 644 in 2008/09

 In England and Wales in 2009/10 males aged 16 to 20 in England and Wales were most at risk
of being victims of homicide, with a rate of 34 homicides per million people in this age group

 In 2010/11 in England and Wales, repeat victimisation for the main crime types remained at
around their lowest level since the first British Crime Survey results for 1981

Perceptions of crime

 The proportion of adults aged 16 and over who thought crime nationally had increased in
England and Wales fell from 66 per cent in 2009/10 to 60 per cent in 2010/11

 At a local level in England and Wales, adults aged 16 and over believe that crime is not going
up, while at a national level people believe that it is

Offenders

 Criminal justice figures based on administrative data collected by the police and courts in
England and Wales, show that in 2010 1.6 million offenders were found guilty of, or cautioned
for indictable and summary (including motoring) offences

 In 2010 in England and Wales, the total number of offenders found guilty of or cautioned for
indictable offences had increased by 0.8 per cent for males and decreased by 8.0 per cent for
females when compared with 2009

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 Over four fifths of persons convicted of, or cautioned for indictable offences in England and
Wales in 2010 were males (82 per cent)

Prisons and sentencing

 There were 140,800 Public Notice Disorders issued in England and Wales in 2010, of which
13,900 (10 per cent) were for possession of cannabis

 Between 1 June 2000 and 31 December 2009, nearly half (49 per cent) of adults aged 21 and
over in England and Wales with an ASBO breached it at least once while 38 per cent breached
it more than once

 In 2010, there were 384 prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment in England and Wales, a
decrease of 9 per cent when compared with 421 in 2009

Resources

 In 2009/10 in England and Wales, police funding was at its highest recorded level of £12.6
billion, 44 per cent higher than 1995/96 when it was £8.8 billion

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Crime levels
This section discusses the incidence of crimei, while the victims of crime are covered in the
offences and victims section.

Table 1 Crime in England and Wales; British Crime Survey1
Millions

All household crime All personal crime All crime

1981 7.0 4.1 11.1

1991 10.4 4.7 15.1

1995 12.2 6.9 19.1

1997 10.3 6.1 16.5

2001/02 7.8 4.7 12.5

2002/03 7.5 4.7 12.3

2004/05 6.6 4.1 10.7

2005/06 6.6 4.1 10.7

2006/07 6.9 4.2 11.1

2007/08 6.2 3.8 10.0

2008/09 6.5 3.9 10.4

2009/10 5.9 3.6 9.5

2010/11 5.9 3.8 9.6

1 Prior to 2001/02, BCS estimates relate to crimes experienced in a given calendar year. From 2001/02 onwards the
estimates relate to crimes experienced in the last 12 months based on interviews in the given financial year.
Source: Crime in England and Wales 2010/11 (HO, 2011)

The British Crime Survey (BCS) is a sample survey which collects information for England and
Wales. It shows that the estimated number of crimes in England and Wales began to rise steadily
from 11.1 million in 1981 and continued to rise through the early 1990s to peak at 19.1 million in
1995 (Table 1). Subsequently, the number of crimes fell to 9.5 million in 2009/10, the lowest since
the survey began, and increased slightly in 2010/11 to 9.6 million. Of these 9.6 million crimes in
2010/11, almost two-thirds (5.9 million) were household crime and 3.8 million crimes, were
personal crime. The number of personal crimes increased by 3 per cent between 2009/10 and
2010/11 while there was no noticeable change in the number of household crimes.

The Scottish Crime and Justice Survey (SCJS) estimated that there were 945,000 crimes
committed against adults living in private households in Scotland in 2009/10, compared with 1.04
million in 2008/09, a decrease of 10 per cent. Of the 945,000 crimes committed in 2009/10,
679,000 (72 per cent) were property crimes, a decrease of 51,000 (7 per cent) compared with
2008/09. The remaining 266,000 (28 per cent) crimes were violent crimes of assault and robbery, a
decrease of 54,000 (16 per cent) compared with 2008/09.

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The Northern Ireland Crime Survey (NICS) estimated that there were 189,000 crimes committed
against adults living in private households in the 12 months prior to interview in 2009/10, an
increase of 7 per cent compared with 2008/09 (176,000), but more than a third (36 per cent) lower
than the peak of 295,000 in 2003/04.

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The BCS estimates of crime are considerably higher than the number of offences recorded by the
police. Many crimes included in responses to the BCS are not reported to the police for a variety of
reasons. For example, people may consider that the crime was too trivial or that it was not
worthwhile reporting because there was no loss involved. Police recorded crime statistics provide a
good measure of trends in well-reported crimes. They are an important indicator of police workload
and can be used for local crime-pattern analysis. They do not, however, include crimes that have
not been reported to the police or that the police decided not to record.

Table 2 Offences recorded by the police: by type of offence1,
2009/10

United Kingdom Percentages

England &

Wales
Scotland Northern Ireland United

Kingdom

Theft and handling stolen goods 35.3 34.6 24.4 35.1

Theft from vehicles 7.8 3.0 3.7 7.4

Theft of vehicles 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7

Criminal damage 18.6 27.6 24.2 19.4

Violence against the person 2 20.1 3.3 27.4 19.1

Burglary 3 12.5 7.0 11.5 12.1

Drug offences 5.4 11.7 2.9 5.8

Fraud and forgery 3.5 2.6 3.1 3.4

Robbery 1.7 0.7 1.2 1.6

Sexual offences 1.3 0.8 1.8 1.2

Other offences 4 1.6 12.4 3.6 2.3

All notifiable offences (=100%) (thousands) 4,339 338 109 4,786

1 See noteii: Types of offences.
2 In Scotland, violence against the person includes robbery.
3 In Scotland, burglary is recorded as housebreaking which includes dwellings, non dwellings and other premises.
4 Northern Ireland includes ‘offences against the state’. Scotland excludes ‘offending while on bail’. Also includes
offences against vehicle and other thefts.
Source: Home Office; Scottish Government; Police Service of Northern Ireland

In 2009/10 in the UK there were 4.8 million crimes recorded by the police (Table 2), a fall of 8 per
cent from 5.2 million offences in 2008/09. Of the 4.8 million offences recorded in the UK in
2009/10, 4.3 million (91 per cent) were in England and Wales. Of these 35 per cent were for theft
and handling stolen goods followed by 20 per cent for violence against the person.

Police in Scotland recorded 338,000 crimes in 2009/10, the most common was theft and handling
stolen goods (35 per cent) followed by criminal damage (28 per cent). Police in Northern Ireland
recorded 109,000 crimes in 2009/10 of which, 27 per cent were for violence against the person and
24 per cent for theft and handling stolen goods.

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Offences and victims
Firearms are defined as having been used in an incident if they are fired, used as a blunt
instrument against a person or used as a threat.

Figure 1 Firearm offences (excluding air weapons):1 by type of
weapon

England & Wales

Number of offences

Handgun

Imitation firearm
2

Other firearms
3

Shotgun

Rifle
0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

2001/02 2003/04 2005/06 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11
4

1 See noteiii: The National Crime Recording Standard (NCRS).
2 Imitation handguns, which are converted to fire bullets like handguns, are counted as handguns.
3 Other firearms include unidentified firearms, CS gas, disguised firearms, machine guns, pepper spray, stun guns and
other specified weapons (the majority being paintball guns).
4 Year 2010/11 includes the 12 victims of Derrick Bird. Data for police recorded firearms offences are provisional and are
submitted via an additional detailed return. Final data are due for publication in January 2012.
Source: Crime in England and Wales 2010/11 (HO, 2011)

There were 7,006 offences in England and Wales, in which a firearm was reported to have been
used and reported to the police in 2010/11. This was a decrease of 36 per cent from the peak of
11,088 in 2005/06 and a decrease of 13 per cent compared with 2009/10. This decrease is largely
driven by a reduction in the number of offences involving the use of handguns which has fallen 17
per cent from 3,744 offences in 2009/10 to 3,090 offences in 2010/11 (Figure 1).

Crime and Justice ST 41

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The term ‘homicide’ covers the offences of murder, manslaughter and infanticide. The offence
infanticide was created by the Infanticide Act 1922iv and refined in 1938.

Figure 2 Offences currently recorded as homicide: by sex of victim
and apparent method of killing, England and Wales,
2009/10

Percentage of all homicides

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Sharp instrument

Hitting, kicking etc.

Shooting

Blunt instrument

Motor vehicle
1

Strangulation
2

Burning

Poison or drugs

Drowning

Other
3

Males

Females

1 Motor Vehicle excludes death by careless/dangerous driving and aggravated vehicle taking.
2 Includes asphyxiation.
3 ‘Other’ includes all other apparent methods and where the method is unknown.
Source: Homicides, Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence 2009/10 (HO, 2010)

In England and Wales in 2009/10, 619 deaths were recorded as homicide, a decrease of 4 per
cent compared with the previous year when 644 homicides were recorded. Over two thirds of
victims of homicide were men in 2009/10 (68 per cent of all victims).

Figure 2 shows that in 2009/10, as in previous years, the most common method of killing was by a
sharp instrumentv, used in 35 per cent of homicides where the victim was male and 31 per cent of
those where the victim was female. The second most common method of killing men was hitting,
kicking, etc. (27 per cent). The second most common homicide method for female victims was
strangulation used in 1 in 5 (21 per cent) of these homicides.

According to the Home Office, Homicides ‘Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence 2009/10’ (HO,
2010) supplementary report when data for the three years 2007/08 to 2009/10 is combined, males
aged 16 to 20 were found to be most at risk of being victims of homicide, with a rate of 34
homicides per million people in this age group. The second most at risk age group were males
aged under one year at a rate of 31 per million (although this is the smallest population analysed
and involves very small numbers of homicides) followed by males aged 21 to 29 at a rate of 30 per
million.

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The risk of becoming a victim of crime varies according to personal characteristics with men more
likely to be at risk than women except in cases of domestic violence.

Figure 3 Adults who were victims of crime:1 by personal
characteristic, 2010/11

England & Wales

Percentages2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Visited nightclub/disco
3

Men aged 16 to 24

Full-time student

Women aged 16 to 24

Single people

Unemployed

Mixed ethnicity

All adults

1 Adults aged 16 and over who reported being a victim of crime one or more times in the 12 months prior to interview.
2 Percentage of all those who reported being a victim of crime.
3 Visited nightclub/disco once a week or more in the last month.
Sources: Crime in England and Wales 2010/11 (HO, 2011)

The 2010/11 BCS reported that just over a fifth (21 per cent) of adults aged 16 and over in England
and Wales who reported being a victim of crime had visited a nightclub once a week or more prior
to interview (Figure 3). As with previous years, men aged 16 to 24 also had a high occurrence of
being a victim of crime followed by full time students and women aged 16 to 24. Similarly, the
Northern Ireland Crime Survey (NICS) for 2009/10 also reports that men aged between 16 and 24
were more likely to be victims of a crime.

There are also differences in the rates of being a victim of crime according to the respondent’s
occupation. For example, the proportion of victims who were full-time students was two and a half
times higher than the proportion in managerial and professional occupations: this could be related
to the differences in age groups for these two occupations.

According to the 2010/11 BCS, offences with injury in England and Wales accounted for just over
half (55 per cent) of all violent incidents and nearly half (45 per cent) of all police recorded violence
against the person offences.

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Repeat victimisation is defined as being a victim of the same type of crime (e.g. vandalism) more
than once in the last 12 months. Levels of repeat victimisation account for differences between
incidence rates and prevalence rates.

Figure 4 Repeat victimisation:1 by type of offence, England and Wales,
2010/11

Percentages2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Domestic violence

Vandalism

Acquaintance violence

Other household theft
3

Stranger violence

Vehicle-related theft

Burglary

Bicycle theft

Other theft of personal property

Theft from the person

1 Proportion of victims victimised more than once, in the 12 months to interview.
2 Percentages of all those who reported being a victim of the specific offence.
3 Excludes burglaries. Includes theft from both inside and outside a dwelling and from garages, sheds and outbuildings
not directly linked to the dwelling.
Sources: Crime in England and Wales 2010/11 (HO, 2011)

BCS data shows that levels of repeat victimisation vary by offence type (Figure 4). In 2010/11, the
most common repeat victimisation was ‘domestic violence’ with 44 per cent of victims of this
offence reporting that they had been victimised more than once in the last year. One reason for this
may be that victims are able to take more preventative measures against repeat victimisation for
some crime types such as theft from the person. It is likely to be more difficult for a victim of
domestic violence to avoid repeat victimisation.

Repeat victimisation for the main crime types remain at around their lowest level since the first
BCS results for 1981. Since BCS crime peaked in 1995 (see Table 1), the proportion of victims
who reported being victimised more than once has fallen for most crime types, notably
acquaintance violence (from 37 per cent to 19 per cent), vehicle-related theft (from 28 per cent to
15 per cent) and stranger violence (from 24 per cent to 16 per cent).

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Perceptions of crime

The BCS also asks respondents whether they think that crime has increased nationally and in their
local area. In contrast to responses to the 2008/09 BCS, when there was a marked increase
compared to the previous year, in 2010/11 there was a fall in the proportion of people who thought
crime nationally had increased from 66 per cent in 2009/10 to 60 per cent in 2010/11, returning to
similar levels seen in 2004/05 and 2005/06. Similarly, the perception of crime at local level also fell
from 31 per cent in 2009/10 to 28 per cent in 2010/11.

Table 3 Perceptions of changing crime levels: by type of crime,1,2
2009/10

England & Wales Percentages

National level Local level

Gone up a lot Gone up a little Gone up a lot Gone up a little

Knife crime 69 21 7 20

Bank/credit card fraud 65 25 19 31

Gun crime 51 30 3 10

People getting beaten up 47 34 8 24

Mugging/street robberies 40 37 5 21

Vandalism 35 35 7 25

Homes broken into 30 38 7 26

Cars being broken into 30 34 7 23

Cars being stolen 28 32 5 18

1 British Crime Survey respondents were asked if they thought specific crimes had increased locally or nationally. Data
are the proportion of people who answered ‘increased a lot’ or ‘increased a little’.
2 BCS estimates for 2010/11 are based on face to face interviews with 46,654 adults aged 16 and over.
Source: Crime in England and Wales 2009/10 (HO, 2010a)

The published 2010/11 BCS data about perceptions of crime does not give the same detailed
breakdown as shown for 2009/10 in Table 3. In response to the BCS questions about specific
crimes at national level, an estimated 69 per cent of people living in private households in England
and Wales in 2009/10 believed that knife crime had gone up a lot nationally over the last two years,
while 21 per cent believed it had gone up a little. Perceptions of an increase in bank/credit card
fraud were also quite high at a national level in 2009/10, with 65 per cent of people believing it has
gone up a lot and a quarter (25 per cent) of people believing it has gone up a little. This may be a
reflection of media concerns at the time of the survey about these two types of crime.

There is a considerable contrast between people’s perceptions of crime at a local level and
national level: at local level a lower proportion of people believe that crime is going up compared to
their beliefs of crime at a national level. For specific crimes at local level 7 per cent of people
believed that knife crime had gone up a lot and one in five (20 per cent) of people thought it had
gone up a little. Perceptions of bank/credit card crime were also believed to have increased at local

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level with 19 per cent of people stating that they thought bank/credit card crime fraud had gone up
a lot in their area and 31 per cent thinking it had gone up a little.

Figure 5 Perceived and actual likelihood of being a victim of
crime:1,2 by crime type

England and Wales

Percentages

0

5

10

15

20

25

Burglary Car crime Violent crime

Perceived 2009/10

Actual 2009/10

Perceived 2010/11

Actual 2010/11

1 Percentages are of households/car-owning households and adults.
2 BCS estimates for 2010/11 are based on face to face interviews with 46,654 adults aged 16 and over.
Sources: Crime in England and Wales 2010/11 (HO, 2011)

In addition to questions on perceptions of crime, BCS also asks how likely people think it would be
that they would be a victim of crime in the next 12 months. As can be seen in Figure 5, the
perception of the rates of victimisation by burglary, car crime and violent crime are a lot higher than
the actual rates.

Between 2009/10 and 2010/11 there was very little difference in the actual rates of victims of
burglary, car crime and violent crime. However, the perception of the likelihood of being a victim
has decreased for all three types of crime. The largest change was in the perceived likelihood of
being a victim of car crime which reduced by four percentage points from 21 per cent in 2009/10 to
17 per cent in 2010/11. The perception of being a victim of violent crime decreased from 15 per
cent to 13 per cent and the perceived likelihood of being a victim of burglary also decreased from
15 per cent in 2009/10 to 13 per cent in 2010/11.

Although there is disparity between people’s perceptions and their actual risk of crime, people were
more likely to perceive they would be a victim of crime in more common types of crime, such as car
crime than less common crimes such as violent crime. However, in 2010/11 people overestimated
the risk of being a victim of burglary (5 times), violent crimes (4 times) and vehicle crimes (4 times).

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Offenders

Figure 6 Persons convicted or cautioned for indictable offences:1,2
by age

England and Wales

Thousands

0

40

80

120

160

200

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

10–19

30–39

40–49

50–59

20–29

60 and over

1 People found guilty of, or cautioned for, indictable offences. Excludes persons where sex ‘Not Stated’ and other
offenders, i.e. companies, public bodies, etc
2 For motoring offences only persons found guilty are included; these offences may attract written warnings, which are
not included in this figure.
Source: Criminal Justice , England and Wales 2010 (MOJ, 2011)

Criminal justice statistics based on administrative data collected by the police and courts show that
in 2010 1.6 million offenders were found guilty of or cautioned for indictable and summary
(including motoring) offences in England and Wales.

Figure 6 shows that the highest number of persons convicted of, or cautioned for indictable
offences in England and Wales in 2010 were those aged 20 to 29 and 10 to 19 (174,800 and
119,600 respectively). The most noticeable change over the time period shown is a reduction for
those 10 to 19 since 2007 (178,400 in 2007 to 119,600 in 2010).

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Over four fifths (82 per cent) of persons convicted of, or cautioned for indictable offences in
England and Wales in 2010 were males. Overall the recorded figure in 2010 is the lowest in five
years, at 481,400, a decrease of 1 per cent compared with 2009.

Figure 7 Persons found guilty of, or cautioned for, indictable
offences:1 by sex2 and type of offence 2010

England and Wales

Thousands

Males

Females

Theft and handling stolen goods

Drug offences

Violence against the person

Burglary

Criminal damage

Robbery

Sexual offences

Other offences
3

0 25 50 75 100 125
1 See notevi : Types of offence in England and Wales.
2 Excludes persons whose sex was not recorded
3 Includes fraud and forgery and indictable motoring offences
Source: Criminal Justice , England and Wales 2010 (MOJ, 2011)

Figure 7 shows that in 2010, the most common type of indictable offence for which males and
females were found guilty or cautioned was theft and handling of stolen goods, 123,700 (31 per
cent of all offences) for males and 45,200 (53 per cent of all offences) for females.

For males the second most common type of crime was drug offences at 92,500 (23 per cent)
followed by violence against the person 55,400 (14 per cent). The second most common offence
type for females was violence against the person 11,200 (13 per cent).

The total number of offenders found guilty of or cautioned for indictable offences increased 0.8 per
cent for males and decreased 8.0 per cent for females in 2010 compared with 2009. The biggest
increase was for male offenders in the ‘sexual offences’ category from 6,400 to 7,000 (9.4 per
cent) whilst the biggest decrease was for female offenders in the ‘robbery’ category from 800 to
700 (12.5 per cent).

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Prisons and sentencing
The majority of offenders in Britain will go on to commit another crime, with almost half of all
offences committed by people that have already been through the system. A re-conviction is
defined as any offence committed in the one-year follow up period proven by a court conviction. It
should be noted that any offences committed in the one-year follow up period are not necessarily
of the same offence type as the initial offence.

Figure 8 Percentage of reconviction rate: by offence1
England & Wales

Percentages

2008

2009

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Theft from vehicles

Theft

Other burglary

Domestic burglary

Handling

Absconding or bail offences

Taking and driving away

Criminal or malicious damage

Other

Robbery

Drugs possession

Public order or riot

Other motoring offences

Violence (non serious)

Drugs import/export/ production/supply

Sexual
2

Violence (serious)

Fraud and forgery

Drink driving offences

Sexual (child)

1 Data are at Q1 (January to March) in each year.
2 Does not include soliciting or prostitution also excludes offences against a child.
Source: Adult re-convictions: results from the 2009 cohort (MOJ, 2011a)

Theft from vehicles showed the lowest proportional differences in reconvictions between 2008 and
2009, from 75 per cent of all offences in Q1 2008 to 64 per cent in Q1 2009, a fall of 11 percentage
points Figure 8 The next largest decrease was sexual reconvictions which decreased from 27 per
cent in 2008 to 23 per cent in 2009, a fall of 4 percentage points. The biggest increase was in
serious violence which includes offences involving grievous bodily harm (GBH), where
reconvictions increased by 2 percentage points from 19 per cent to 21 per cent.

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The Ministry of Justice has an executive agency known as the National Offender Management
Service (NOMS) which brings together HM Prison Service and the Probation Services to deliver
sentences and other orders of the courts in custodial and community settings in …