English 2-11

Works Cited
Arroyo-Johnson, Cassandra, and Krista D Mincey. “Obesity Epidemiology Worldwide.” Gastroenterology clinics of North America vol. 45,4 (2016): 571-579. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.07.012. The article on obesity epidemiology worldwide gives a detailed picture of obesity worldwide for the last two decades from 1997 to 2012 through interview surveys. It is evident that in the previous two decades, obesity has dramatically increased and remains very high in the United States. Worldwide research indicates that in the past three decades, the rate of obesity has been growing significantly, and in 2014, the percentage of people above 18 years who were obese was 11% for men and 15% for women. For children in 2013, 24 million children below the age of 5 were overweight. People take longer to lose weight than it is to gaining weight. Thus, preventive measures for losing weight need to be applied to make populations healthy. Some of the social determinants that can help fight the obesity epidemic are social-economic conditions, segregation of residential areas, transport options, social support, and resources to meet daily needs. The article will be beneficial in analyzing obesity through the lenses of ethnicity and gender.
Apovian, Caroline M. “Obesity: definition, comorbidities, causes, and burden.” The American journal of managed care vol. 22,7 Suppl (2016): s176-85. The journal gives a detailed exemplary analysis of the definition of obesity, comorbidities, and what causes obesity. For instance, a body mass index of 30Kg/m³ and above shows the bottom line for obesity. In effect, obesity is caused by various things, including a connection with genetics, economic, social-cultural aspects. Lifestyle habits and urban development increase the prevalence of obesity. As shown by the journal, the most primary causes for obesity are genetics, monogenic disorders such as leptin deficiency. The secondary sources for obesity include neurologic factors such as brain tumor and injury, endocrine, psychological factors, and drug-induced factors. People with obesity are more likely to have low attendance in school. In terms of productivity, it is expected to be quiet, which affects the earning potential. The cost of healthcare for obese people is also high, which leads to a higher economic strain on society. It is that important to perceive obesity as a disease rather than a flaw. The impact can lead to the utilization of interventions higher than expected for others. In effect, the article is solidly fundamental in creating an absolute change for the people in how obesity is perceived and should be analysed.
Caballero, Benjamin. “Humans against Obesity: Who Will Win?.” Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) vol. 10,suppl_1 (2019): S4-S9. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy055. Benjamin Caballero gives a very diversified comparison between the gap between humans and obesity in the question of who will win shortly. , According to the research, it is evident that obesity is taking the populations with a storm. It is currently an epidemic that can turn into a pandemic if precautions are not taken to save the world. For instance, in the United States, the gap between the median of the average population for the BMI is 27.7, which is still widening and might be unable to be controlled shortly. The burden of obesity also affects the relation to other diseases resulting from diabetes. The article suggests a great need to see how obesity is addressed and try to base it with epigenetics such as DNA methylation than BMI, mainly in the determination of the risk of obesity comorbidities. If people were to win against obesity, a change in the ecosystem surrounding social change and obesity would make the entire process. The article is fundamental in analyzing the extent of change needed to fight the epidemic, which might become a pandemic if a coordinated action for change is not actively advocated. The article is beneficial in the development of research and understanding obesity in the lens for the future.
Canoy, Dexter, and Peter Bundred. “Obesity in children.” BMJ clinical evidence vol. 2011 0325. 4 Apr. 201. Dexter and Bundred researched obesity in children, a higher population affected by the epidemic. The aim of the secondary analytical study conducted in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was to find interventions for treating obesity in children and the impacts of surgical interventions in the treatment of childhood obesity. In the research, the critical element analyzed on obesity is the impact of imbalance in the daily energy intake, which exceeds the daily expenditure of energy. Physical and psychological effects result from obesity and can lead to cardiovascular diseases as the children move to adulthood. Most obese children stay obese till adulthood. The research found no solid evidence on how surgical and lifestyle interventions impacted the outcomes of obesity. However, multifactorial interventions such as behavior, diet, and physical exercise may help obese children. The research article is very vital in developing the research thesis as it will help give a diversified approach to obesity to even children and work out the differences in a more diversified way.
Dehghan, Mahshid et al. “Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention.” Nutrition journal vol. 4 24. 2 Sep. 2005, doi:10.1186/1475-2891-4-24. Mahshid and other scholars gave the most simplified research on obesity in children and several interventions that can be used to control obesity and overweight among the populations. Getting rid of it is the greatest challenge that people face when the weight is already acquired. Obesity and overweight come on for different reasons, including environmental factors, cultural surroundings, and lifestyle preferences, making 25% of children in the US overweight and 11% obese. As much as calories and fat intake are the primary factors linked to obesity, sugar intake and physical activity also play a significant role in developing an increasing number of obese people in society. The research goes further to show that prevention is the only strategy to solve the obesity epidemic. It can be solved by primary prevention and secondary prevention. Primary prevention is taking action before becoming overweight. The strategy needs to be implemented on children to prevent a future generation that is obese, and the epidemic turns into a pandemic. The solution on children can be administered on afterschool care services and pre-school institutions. Indeed, the article gives a more profound and analytical approach that can be used to provide a detailed analysis of how to deal with the effects of obesity successively. The report offers excellent insight into the research analysis.
Hemmingsson, Erik. “Early Childhood Obesity Risk Factors: Socioeconomic Adversity, Family Dysfunction, Offspring Distress, and Junk Food Self-Medication.” Current obesity reports vol. 7,2 (2018): 204-209. doi:10.1007/s13679-018-0310-2. Erik’s review aimed to explore the interaction of infancy and early childhood risk factors that relate to changing the conformity of the social environment and how the sequences of exposing the children lead to weight gain and obesity. The main resultant factor in addressing obesity is the social, economic adversity that catalyzes the midstream risk factors like emotional turmoil, self-esteem, family strain, and dysfunction, and mental health. Emotional chaos and stress create a perfect environment for calorie junk food self-medication to elevate uncomfortably. It is vital during infancy and childhood to develop a stratified diet and control weight gain to make the total consumption of junk food and how midstream risk factors affect children. In effect, Erik analyses three predisposing factors: childhood stress, family disharmony, and social-economic adversity as the main elements that lead to weight gain and obesity. The analysis outcome shows predisposing features for change that make obesity a growing predisposing factor, mainly in early childhood. Using the article in the research gives a specified nature on the type of interventions needed. However, junk food self-medication requires a more stratified plan than outlining the causes.
Landsberg, Lewis, et al. “Obesity-related hypertension: pathogenesis, cardiovascular risk, and treatment: a position paper of The Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension.” Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) vol. 15,1 (2013): 14-33. doi:10.1111/jch.12049. Lewis analyses a different type of hypertension, obesity-related hypertension, that creates the risk for cardiovascular diseases and their proposed treatment. The review gives a detailed analysis of the relationship between obesity and high blood pressure and possible treatment. The best part about the article is that it analyses lifestyle management approaches that can be used to prevent and treat hypertension resulting from obesity and the utilization of surgical and medical procedures in helping obese hypertensive patients. The clinicians benefit from the article in analyzing the relationship between the pathophysiology of obesity hypertension, the epidemiology of obesity-related hypertension, and risks associated with obesity -hypertension. The report is like a manual that should never be ignored in developing evidence-based interventions for addressing obese patients who suffer from hypertension.
Rosenthal, Raul J et al. “Obesity in America.” Surgery for obesity and related diseases: official journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery vol. 13,10 (2017): 1643-1650. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2017.08.002. The journal article mainly gives a recent approach on general population understanding and misinterpretation of obesity as a disease and what people know about the available treatment options. The main objective was to identify the struggles Americans face when diagnosing and its treatment. Barriers to weight loss were also analyzed. A research survey of 1509 adults in the University hospital in the United States with a majority of the numbers originating from blacks and Hispanics indicated that 81% of the people feel that obesity is a leading problem for the people compared to diabetes and heart diseases which got 72%. The result found out that people overestimate the effectiveness of obesity treatment such as dieting and exercise alone, making them feel they know what is needed and do not consult doctors when overweight. As the awareness about the reasons and treatment options, more people are facing the consequences of obesity, and in no way are they able to secure themselves from the burden. The article will be used in making recommendations to address the epidemic, which has been among the populations for quite longer.
Visscher, Tommy L S et al. “Perceived Health Status: Is Obesity Perceived as a Risk Factor and Disease?.” Obesity facts vol. 10,1 (2017): 52-60. doi:10.1159/000457958. Tommy and other scholars reviewed obesity based on the investigator’s Summer School 2016 in Portugal and other guest speakers. The primary analysis was based on how people perceive obesity as a risk factor between those who seek help, those who do not seek help, and people in the society and other organizations that help contribute to how people perceive obesity. In effect, most people seek help to understand how risky obesity is, but the other population underestimates the power of obesity. A significant organization such as social workers, politicians, and policymakers, preventing organizations, and the food and marketing industry has a vital role in developing how people perceive obesity and reducing the false interpretation of the severity of obesity. Change can only come if people feel the need and the concern that arises. The article opens up the importance of creating awareness of obesity as a risk factor and disease.
Williams, Ellen P et al. “Overweight and Obesity: Prevalence, Consequences, and Causes of a Growing Public Health Problem.” Current obesity reports vol. 4,3 (2015): 363-70. doi:10.1007/s13679-015-0169-4. Ellen Williams and other scholars gave detailed research on overweight and obesity in terms of prevalence, consequences, and causes in the growing public health. In terms of prevalence, it analyses medical, individual, social, genetic, and biological correlates with regards to obesity and treatment. The article analyses innovative studies, such as gut microflora, diet composition, pharmacologic interventions, and surgical procedures in terms of interventions. The report proposes social changes in school programs and a change in roles concerning family members, health providers, and personal aspects to control and prevent overweight and obesity. The use of the article provides an essential platform from which the diversity of causes and interventions for obesity can be evaluated.