ESSAY 4012

Terrorism and Homeland Security, 9e
CHAPTER 10 Jonathan R. White

Learning Objectives, Part 1
Define revolutionary and counterrevolutionary terrorism.
Outline the history, philosophy, and influence of the Tupamaros.
Summarize the emergence and current status of FARC and the ELN.
Describe the function and purpose of the MeK.
2

Learning Objectives, Part 2
Describe the rise, fall, and resurgence of the Shining Path.
Outline the issues surrounding Naxalite terrorism.
Explain the operations and tactics of the New People’s Army.
Explain the rise of death squads as a reaction to revolutionary terrorism.
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Revolutionary Terrorism
Global movement expressing dissatisfaction in the wake of anticolonialism
An insurgent strategy in the context of internal warfare or revolution
An attempt to seize power from a legitimate state for the purpose of creating political and social change
Involves the use of terrorism to achieve this goal
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Tupamaros, Part 1
A group of revolutionaries that surfaced in Uruguay in the early 1960s.
Tupamaros epitomized urban terrorism.
Democracy and freedoms faded as Uruguay’s economic woes increased.
Waiting for the Guerrilla
Reforming the government and creating economic opportunities
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Tupamaros, Part 2
Tupamaros organized to do battle inside the city, following the recent guidelines of Carlos Marighella.
In 1968, the Tupamaros launched a massive campaign of decentralized terrorism.
Kidnapped high-ranking officials and foreign diplomats
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Counter Revolutionary Terrorism
Torture became a standard police tactic.
Rapes, beatings, and murders were common
Some suspects were tortured over a period of months or even years.
Torturing prisoners served several purposes:
Provided a ready source of information
Serviced as a determinant
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Early Successes
Tupamaros reach the zenith of their power by 1970; they established several combat and support columns in Montevideo.
In 1971, Tupamaros had alienated potential electoral support through their terrorist campaign.
Soundly defeated in national elections
Brutal counter-terrorist campaign followed
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Tupamaro Organization
The Executive Committee was in charge, but it ran a highly decentralized operation.
Main power came from the internal rule enforcement provided by the Committee for Revolutionary Justice.
Tupamaros lacked a unified command structure for routine functions.
Operational power in the Tupamaros was vested in the lower echelon units.
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Influencing Modern Terrorism
The Tupamaro structure and tactics were mimicked by such groups:
Red Army Faction
Direct Action
Red Brigades
The Tupamaros offered an alternative to this tradition by making the city a battleground.
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FARC
Alvaro Uribe
Claimed Colombia’s contribution to the war on terror would be the elimination of FARC, ELN, and AUC
FARC has been weakened by setbacks:
Uribe’s aggressive counterterrorism policy
Aggressive military action
Rescue mission freed 15 hostages who had been in captivity for many years.
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The Demise of FARC
FARC had about 9,000 guerrillas at its strongest point.
After Uribe’s offensives, FARC lost its ability to operate in Colombia’s rural jungles.
Though they remain active, Uribe has forced the AUC to disband.
ELN is smaller than FARC and less active.
It abandoned the rural philosophy, shifting to the urban center.
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ELN or the National Liberation Army
Liberation Theology is a doctrine that originated in poverty. It combines the ideas of Marx with Christian teachings.
Father Camilo Torres, encouraged fellow clergy to join the fight.
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Ideological Phases of ELN
Fought for a socialist democracy to free Colombia’s peasants from poverty.
After 1973, ELN shifted their focus to Cuban style of socialism.
By 1999 the ELN reverted to championing socialist democracy, but without religion.
Since 2008-2009, individual units began forming alliances with newly emerging criminal gangs, and by 2012 the ELN was heavily involved in the drug trade.
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Mujahedin-e Kahlq
Founded in 1965 to overthrow the Iranian government and designated as a foreign terrorist organization by U.S.
It had an estimated 3,800 members.
Saddam Hussein used its services during the Iran and Iraq War.
Supported the American embassy takeover
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Peru’s Shining Path
Peru’s indigenous people sought to free themselves from European rule.
Shining Path launched a campaign in rural Peru.
Guzman led the Shining Path in a twofold strategy:
Guerrillas operated in rural areas
Campaign of violence against peasants
The fighting ended in 2000 with all guerrillas abandoning terrorism and the fall of Fujimori.
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Guzman’s twofold strategy
The guerrillas operated in rural areas trying to create regional military forces.
Guzman attempted to combine Mao Zedong’s ruthless revolutionary zeal with the guerrilla philosophy of Che Guevara.
Today, the Shining Path reemerged around 2007 by reinventing itself as a drug trafficking organization.
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Naxalites of India, Part 1
The Naxalites emerged in a 1967 uprising in West Bengal.
Peasants staged a demonstration for right to land ownership and better wages.
Police confronted the demonstrators with deadly force; protests turned into rebellion.
The social separation between landlords and tenants was deeply ingrained in Indian society.
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Naxalites of India, Part 2
The Naxalites began to emerge again in the 1990s in a variety of smaller movements:
People’s Guerrilla Army of the People’s War Group
People’s Liberation Army of the Maoist Center of India
Naxalite rebellion has become its number one internal security problem.
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New People’s Army (NPA)
The NPA is the longest-running communist insurgency in the world.
It sustains operations by levying a “revolutionary tax.”
It sought to fight against the structure of political power and the distribution of wealth.
The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) have dehumanized the NPA.
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Death Squads
Purpose of a death squad is to stop social change, and they terrorize those who threaten their position.
Tactics range from semiofficial raids on governmental opponents to secret murder.
Occur when people who hold power believe are threatened
When power elites feel that social changes are undermining their societies
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Death Squad Formation
Julie Mazzei argues that the conditions giving rise to death squads develop when several factors come together to form a favorable environment.
A group creating a death squad believes that its place in society is natural and legitimate.
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The Future
Is it possible to have a public policy concerning terrorism and to violate that policy in practice?
If the United States establishes a relationship with the MeK, how can the Department of State maintain a listing condemning state sponsors of terrorism?
What is the moral responsibility of democratic governments in maintaining standards about international terrorism?
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Chapter Take Aways, Part 1
Revolutionary terrorists call for radical change in either the structure of government or the underlying political philosophy of governance.
Its current origins can be traced to twentieth century movements in Latin America, especially from the urban philosophy of Uruguay’s Tupamaros.
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Chapter Take Aways, Part 2
Groups such as the FARC and ELN were originally inspired by the Tupamaros, but they drifted into drug trafficking to survive.
Other terrorists like the MeK of Iran fight for political dominance.
Maoist revolutionaries mirror the revolutionary theories of the Communist takeover in China.
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Chapter Take Aways, Part 3
Peru’s Shining Path was a pioneer Maoist group, and it inspired Communists in Nepal, India, and the Philippines.
Counter revolutionary terrorism is frequently based on the formation of illegal military and police units who torture and kill suspected terrorists and their supporters.
They are known as Death Squads.
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