ESSAY 4012

Terrorism and Homeland Security, 9e
CHAPTER 11 Jonathan R. White

Learning Objectives, Part 1
Summarize the main theological points of Jihadi Salafism.
Summarize the contribution of scholars and strategists to Jihadi Salafism.
Summarize the major points in A Call to Global Islamic Resistance and The Management of Savagery.
Outline the development of al Qaeda from its creation to the present.
Describe the al Qaeda franchise system.
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Learning Objectives, Part 2
Geographically locate and identify major groups in the al Qaeda franchise.
Describe the rise and metamorphosis of al Qaeda in Iraq.
Outline the development and current status of ISIS.
Explain the al Qaeda-ISIS split.
Identify some of the major Jihadi Salafist crisis points around the globe.
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Jihadi Salafism
Associate only with “true” Muslims.
Break ties with anyone who questions narrow Salafi interpretations of Islam.
Base government on a Salafi interpretation of Islamic law.
Eliminate any resistance to narrow theology. Such resistance is apostasy.
Kill Shi’ites because they are apostates.
Root out “traitors” to Islam like Hamas and the Muslim Brotherhood because they compromise with non-Muslims.
Wage offensive jihad against idolatry wherever it is found. (“Idolatry” includes all non-Salafi cultures.)
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Salafist Scholars, Part 1
Ibn Taymiyya
Called for the destruction of heretics and invaders, calling jihad (struggle or effort) the sixth pillar of Islam.
His ideas deeply affected Mohammed ibn Abdul Wahhab, who led a purification movement in Saudi Arabia in the eighteenth century.
Ibn Taymiyya expanded the meaning of jihad by advocating attacks on nonbelievers and impure Muslims.
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Salafist Scholars, Part 2
Sayyid Qutb
Egyptian teacher and journalist hanged in 1966.
Became an active member of the Muslim Brotherhood – an organization that seeks to create a single Muslim nation through education and religious reform.
Most famous work, Milestones, (1965) outlines the theology and ideology of Jihadist revolution
Qutb rejected the West and called on Muslims to overthrow their corrupt governments.
Qutb called for the destruction of all enemies.
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Salafist Scholars, Part 3
Abu Musab al Suri
A Call to Global Islamic Resistance popularized leaderless resistance in jihadi Salafist circles.
Al Suri became disgusted with the elite hierarchy and unsuccessful strategy of Osama bin Laden.
Jihadists should operate in areas of the world that can sustain terrorism and guerrilla war.
Urges urban terrorism and covert attacks, especially solo actions from wholly separate resistance cells.
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Salafist Scholars, Part 4
Abu Bakr Naji
Rule by terror, ruthlessness is necessary to create the caliphate
Management of Savagery (2006) explains the unbridled violence of groups like ISIS.
Calls for war, merciless war, against all enemies internal and external
Argues the state must brutally conduct savage public torture and butchery against all who resist
The purpose is to frighten the enemy.
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Cold War Origins
Saudi Arabia deemed to be an important ally to the U.S. during the Cold War.
The central focus was a country’s stance against the Soviet Union.
The foundation of modern jihadist power grew from the Cold War.
Militant Islamic reformers used by Western allies against communist countries
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The Soviet-Afghan War
Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan.
State Department encouraged Arab and other Islamic allies to send money and religious puritans (mujahedeen).
The U.S. formed an alliance with Pakistan began to train and equip the mujahedeen.
The mujahedeen were not united at the end of the Soviet-Afghan War.
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The Rise of Osama bin Laden
bin Laden’s reputation began to grow as the mujahedeen searched for a continuing jihad.
bin Laden was influenced by Sayyid Qutb’s thought.
Inspired by the mujahedeen of Afghanistan, bin Laden dropped out of college to join the Soviet-Afghan War.
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bin Laden and Abdullah Azzam
bin Laden fell under the influence of Abdullah Azzam, a doctor of Islamic law.
Azzam believed it was time for all Muslims to rise up and strike Satan.
bin Laden financed mujahedeen operations and taught the guerrillas how to build field fortifications.
bin Laden became a battlefield hero.
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Ayman al Zawahiri
Dr. Ayman al Zawahiri was born into a prominent Egyptian family in 1951.
He fell under the influence of violent religious philosophy in high school after being exposed to militant interpretations of Islam.
When Sadat signed a peace treaty with Israel, Zawahiri threw himself into the resistance.
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Early History of al Qaeda
bin Laden took advantage of America’s inattention and Azzam’s waning power.
bin Laden began to recruit the mujahedeen
al Zawahiri organized training camps & cells
bin Laden’s first cause was the Saudi government and its “corrupt” royal family.
Saudi government allowed U.S. troops to be stationed in Saudi Arabia.
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The Egyptian Islamic Group
Three interrelated factors were prevalent in the rise of Islamic Group (IG):
The 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat
The failure of Arab nationalism
The decline of Arab socialism
The IG was connected with the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.
Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman
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Egyptian Islamic Jihad
The EIJ targeted the Egyptian government.
Zawahiri believed that the government represented the near enemy.
The united jihadists could focus on the far enemy: Israel, the U.S., and the West.
The Egyptian government cracked down, and few people stepped forward to take up EIJ’s version of jihad.
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bin Laden Returns to Afghanistan
bin Laden’s entrepreneurial efforts gave him the freedom to finance and command the al Qaeda terrorist network.
U.S. intelligence linked the bomb attack in Yemen to bin Laden.
bin Laden claimed that he trained and supported the troops that struck the U.S. Army Black Hawk helicopter.
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Declaring War on the U.S.
Seated in front of a camera, bin Laden declared war on the United States in 1996.
In August 1998, bin Laden’s terrorists bombed the U.S. embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Khalid Sheik Mohammed planned 9/11 and put the people in place to carry it out.
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Degraded Leadership and the al Qaeda Franchise
Al Qaeda has become a franchise.
Central leadership operates in the tribal areas of Pakistan.
The Haqqani network runs its own militias, shadow governments, protection rackets, legitimate businesses, and terrorist groups.
A significant number of al Qaeda operatives have been killed by drones.
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Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)
Yemen’s conflicts:
Struggle for control of the central government
Rebellious southern region
Growing presence of AQAP in the Marib
AQAP’s purpose is to unite Saudi Arabia and Yemen in one religious government.
AQAP claimed responsibility for the attempted downing of a Northwest airliner outside Detroit on Christmas 2009.
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Al Qaeda in the Maghreb (AQIM)
AQIM operates primarily along the coastal region outside of Algiers and in the Sahel desert area bordering Mali and Algeria.
The desert provides a vast area to recruit and train potential operatives.
AQIM claims loyalty and unity to al Qaeda; yet, in practice it does not take direction from Afghanistan or Pakistan.
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ISIS and the Caliphate
ISIS had its own scholars and its own traditions stretching back to Ibn Taymiyya.
It controlled some of the best and most sophisticated media outlets among the Jahadist Salafi movement.
It held and governed territory, taking about one third of Iraq and Syria.
It managed oil production, ran its own banking system, operated schools and health care facilities, and established a government.
In June 2014 the second most important city in Iraq, Mosul, fell to ISIS fighters. On June 29, 2014 ISIS proclaims a Caliphate and Baghdadi the new caliph.
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Pakistan
Pakistan became a country in 1947
Two international issues dominate Pakistan: nuclear weapons and relations with the United States.
Some Pakistani leaders support terrorism; others want to fight the jihadists.
There is tension between Pakistan and India especially in the area of Jammu and Kashmir.
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The Pakistani Taliban
Taliban seized control of Kandahar in 1994 and controlled 95% by 1997.
As the Pakistani Taliban expanded, the influence of the United States waned.
The struggle to limit jihadist networks has shifted from American military and intelligence efforts to diplomacy.
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Lashkar-e-Tayibba (LeT)
LeT is best known for its attacks in India.
It rejects all forms of Islam except its own interpretation.
Pakistan officially banned the LeT in 2002.
It operates under a series of different names.
The LeT traditionally defined its operations around the Jammu and Kashmir conflict.
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Other Networks in Asia, Part 1
Bangladesh
The ports of Bangladesh have become centers for international crime; the country has a strong internal jihadist movement.
Thailand
The Barisan Revolusi Nasional, Coordinate (BRN-C), is leading the insurgency and carries a jihadist agenda.
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Other Networks in Asia, Part 2
Indonesia
The political situation in Indonesia provided a climate for the growth of jihadist groups.
The Philippines’ three terrorist groups:
Moro National Liberation Front
Moro Islamic Liberation
Abu Sayyuf
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Chapter Take Aways, Part 1
Jihadi Salafism is a puritanical strain of Sunni Islam.
“True” Muslims can declare “false” Muslims heretics.
The historical path of Jihadi Salafism can be traced from ibn Taymiyya through Wahhab.
Modern militancy grew with Qutb in the twentieth century.
Less militant Salafi scholars denounce the violence of militants.
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Chapter Take Aways, Part 2
A Western military offensive in the wake of 9-11 changed the nature of al Qaeda’s structure, resulting in differing leadership hubs and a more decentralized organization.
Although some operations were tightly structured and controlled, the nature of al Qaeda changed.
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Chapter Take Aways, Part 3
Different regional groups formed in various parts of the world under the al Qaeda franchise.
Many of al Qaeda’s leaders, including bin Laden, have been killed by American attacks in Pakistan.
The group remains active mainly due to its franchised network and an alliance among Pakistani and Afghan allies.
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