JD:Week9 Assignment

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
PROGRESS IN IMPLEMENTING

9/11 COMMISSION RECOMMENDATIONS
JULY 2010 UPDATE

GUARDING AGAINST TERRORISM AND ENSURING TRANSPORTATION SECURITY

RECOMMENDATION: Develop a Risk-Based Plan for Transportation Security

Transportation Sector Security Risk Assessment
In June 2010, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) provided to Congress the
Transportation Sector Security Risk Assessment (TSSRA) report, a nationwide risk assessment that
examines the potential threat, vulnerabilities, and consequences of a terrorist attack involving the
Nation’s transportation system. This report will inform the risk-based development and maintenance
of risk mitigation strategies and actions that include the development of security standards, grants,
programs, countermeasures, and resource allocations.

Freight Railroad Security Risk Assessment
In June 2010, TSA submitted to Congress the Freight Railroad Security Risk Assessment and
National Strategy report as required by the 9/11 Act. This report provides the results of a
comprehensive assessment of the risk of a terrorist attack involving the Nation’s freight railroad
transportation system. The report also includes a national strategy for railroad transportation.

Threat Assessment of the Risk of Terrorist Attack on the Nation’s School Bus System
In early 2010, TSA submitted to Congress the Threat Assessment of the Risk of Terrorist Attack on
the Nation’s School Bus System, as required by the 9/11 Act. This report was developed in
conjunction with school transportation and school security leaders nationwide, outlining the threats
and vulnerabilities this system faces and an analysis of strategies to mitigate risk.

Transportation Security Funding
To support transportation infrastructure and security, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
provided the following resources to state and local jurisdictions based on risk and threats in Fiscal
Year (FY) 2010 and through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA):

o $403 million for the Transit Security Grant Program to protect critical transit infrastructure
from terrorism, including capital projects, such as improvements to high-risk, high-density
tunnels, stations, and bridges and law enforcement officers at transit systems across the
country. ($150 million ARRA/ $253 million FY2010 funding)

o $1.76 billion for state-of-the-art in-line explosive detection systems to streamline checked
baggage screening at airports throughout the U.S. ($734 million ARRA/ $1.028 billion
FY2010 funding)

o $14.5 million for the Freight Rail Security Grant Program to protect critical freight rail
systems infrastructure from acts of terrorism resulting from railroad cars transporting toxic
inhalation hazardous materials.

o $20 million for Intercity Passenger Rail (Amtrak) to protect critical surface transportation
infrastructure and the traveling public from terrorism within the Amtrak rail system.

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Additionally, DHS spent $394 million for the passenger screening through Advanced Technology X-
Ray machines, Advanced Imaging Technology machines, bottle liquid scanners, Explosive Trace
Detection machines, and other enhanced threat-detection equipment. ($266 million ARRA/ $128
million FY2010 funding)

Aviation Security
Fulfilling a key recommendation of the 9/11 Commission Report, TSA implemented Secure Flight for
100 percent of passengers flying domestically and internationally on U.S. airlines in June of 2010.
TSA expects all international carriers with direct flights to the United States to be using Secure Flight
by the end of 2010. Under Secure Flight, TSA prescreens passengers directly against government
watchlists, a function previously performed by individual air carriers. In addition to facilitating
secure travel for all passengers, Secure Flight helps prevent the misidentification of passengers who
have names similar to individuals on government watchlists.

Since the attempted terrorist attack on December 25, 2009, Secretary Napolitano, in conjunction with
the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), has been leading a global initiative to
strengthen the international aviation system against the evolving threats posed by terrorists, working
in multilateral and bilateral contexts with governments as well as industry. Over the past six months,
Secretary Napolitano has participated in regional aviation security summits around the world, forging
historic consensus with her international colleagues to strengthen the civil aviation system through
enhanced information analysis and sharing, cooperation on technological development and
modernized aviation security standards. These meetings will culminate in the ICAO Triennial
Assembly in September where DHS expects member states will affirm new standards, key measures,
and proposals for increasing aviation security worldwide.

Domestically, DHS has bolstered security measures at all of our airports, by implementing a variety
of security measures to further improve an enhanced, risk-based, layered approach to security. DHS
and TSA deploy the most effective technologies available to counter evolving threats, including next
generation Explosive Trace Detection units, Advanced Imaging Technology, and next generation
Bottled Liquids Scanners. The deployment of over 50,000 trained Transportation Security Officers,
Transportation Security Inspectors, and Behavior Detection Officers and 730 canine teams in the
transportation sector add additional layers of security to support the technology at the checkpoints

DHS has also strengthened partnerships across the federal government, working with the Department
of Justice (DOJ) on a number of initiatives to enhance risk-based aviation security countermeasures
and collaborating with the Department of Energy (DOE) and its National Laboratories to leverage
their expertise in building risk-based technology solutions to key aviation security challenges.

Further, each year, DHS/TSA conducts international aviation security training for countries around
the world focusing on risk-based security strategies, including cargo security, screening technologies,
and airport security management, among other topics. TSA has also successfully negotiated
agreements with various foreign governments permitting Federal Air Marshal deployments on
international U.S. carrier flights, based on risk.

Additionally, air cargo carried on passenger aircraft has never been more secure. Currently, 100
percent of identified high risk international inbound cargo and 100 percent of total cargo on more
than 95 percent of all flights originating from U.S. airports are now screened. TSA is on track to meet

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the Congressionally-mandated 100 percent screening requirement for all air cargo on domestic
passenger aircraft by August 2010.

The FY 2011 DHS budget request strengthens several aviation security programs by allowing
increased Federal Air Marshal coverage on international flights and through the deployment of
additional canine teams, Behavior Detection Officers, Explosive Trace Detection machines and
Advanced Imaging Technology units to increase the Department’s ability to detect metallic and non-
metallic explosives and other threats at airports across the country.

Surface Transportation Protection
Recognizing that the risk from terrorism and other hazards for surface transportation demands a
coordinated approach involving all sector partners and stakeholders, the Administration initiated a
thorough review of existing U.S. surface transportation security efforts across all modes of surface
transportation in 2009. The resulting Surface Transportation Security Priority Assessment, released
on April 2, 2010, identified interagency priorities for the next four years and provided concrete
recommendations on how to enhance security efforts, maximize the use of partnerships to optimize
public safety, facilitate commerce and strengthen the resiliency of our surface transportation system.

DHS has completed risk-based implementation plans for each of the 20 consensus recommendations
of the Surface Transportation Security Priority Assessment addressing the potential risks to the
surface transportation system and its four subsectors (mass transit, highways, freight rail, and
pipelines), and initiatives are underway.

The Baseline Assessment for Security Enhancement (BASE) program for mass transit provides a
comprehensive assessment of the security programming in critical transit systems around the country
in order to identify security concerns and drive program priorities and resource allocations.

Additionally, TSA has many programs designed to bolster surface transportation security, including
the deployment of Visible Intermodal Prevention and Response (VIPR) Teams, comprised of Federal
Air Marshals, surface/aviation transportation security inspectors, Behavioral Detection Officers,
Transportation Security Officers, local law enforcement and security personnel, and canine teams,
which enhance the protection of surface transportation, provide deterrent and detection capabilities,
and introduce an element of unpredictability in security practices and procedures in order to prevent
or disrupt potential terrorist planning activities.

Maritime Transportation Security
In January 2010, Customs and Border Protection (CBP) began enforcement of the Importer Security
Filing and Additional Carrier Requirements interim final rule—also known as the “10 + 2 rule”—
increasing the scope and accuracy of information gathered on shipments of cargo arriving by sea into
the United States and bolstering DHS’ layered enforcement strategy to protect against terrorism and
other crimes at U.S. ports of entry.

In FY 2010, DHS provided $288 million in grants for the Port Security Grant Program—awarded
based on risk—to protect critical port infrastructure from terrorism, enhance maritime domain
awareness and risk management capabilities, and support the implementation of the Transportation
Worker Identification Credential, and an additional $150 million in Recovery Act funding.

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The United States Coast Guard (USCG) has many risk-based initiatives in place that strengthen
maritime transportation security. For example, Operation Neptune Shield, which includes waterborne
and aerial patrols as well as armed escorts of hazardous cargos and passenger vessels, helps to reduce
the risk of terrorism to the maritime transportation system, critical infrastructure and key resources.
The USCG also has developed Advanced Interdiction capabilities in order to interdict identified
threats, including chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives threats, before they reach
the United States. The USCG conducts intelligence-informed, risk-based Security Boardings to verify
the identity of crew members and to ascertain if a vessel poses a threat to the port and whether it
should be permitted or denied entry.

The USCG also utilizes the Maritime Security Risk Analysis Model, known as MSRAM, to assess
threat, vulnerability, and consequence factors for various potential terrorist attack scenarios. This
information allows for increased efficiency in the allocation of maritime security resources to reduce
security risks at a port. Finally, the USCG’s International Port Security Program (PSP) assesses the
effectiveness of anti-terrorism measures in foreign ports that conduct maritime trade with the United
States and assists in measuring the risk posed by vessels who have visited international ports prior to
coming to the United States.

RECOMMENDATION: Improve airline passenger pre-screening

New, More Flexible Screening Measures
On April 8, 2010, DHS began implementing new enhanced security measures for all air carriers with
international flights to the United States to strengthen the safety and security of all passengers. These
new measures, which cover 100 percent of passengers traveling by air to the United States, utilize
real-time, threat-based intelligence along with multiple layers of security, both seen and unseen, to
more effectively mitigate evolving terrorist threats.

Secure Flight
Fulfilling a key 9/11 Commission recommendation, in June 2010, TSA implemented Secure Flight
for 100 percent of passengers flying domestically and internationally on U.S. airlines, meaning that
TSA, not the air carriers, vets passengers against government watchlists using passenger name, date
of birth, and gender before a boarding pass is issued. This accounts for over 90 percent of all travel
to, from, and within the United States. TSA expects to convert all international carriers to Secure
Flight by December 2010.

Identifying High-Risk Travelers
To identify high-risk travelers and facilitate legitimate travel, DHS requires airlines flying to the
United States from foreign countries to provide Advance Passenger Information (API), which
includes basic information such as name, date of birth, citizenship/nationality and passport number,
and Passenger Name Records (PNR), which includes the information that travelers provide to airlines
when booking their flights, such as itinerary, address, and check-in information.

DHS analysis of passenger data played a critical role in the recent counterterrorism cases against
Najibullah Zazi, who pled guilty to plotting to bomb New York subways, David Headley, who pled
guilty for his role in the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks, and Times Square bombing suspect Faisal
Shahzad.

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Trusted Traveler Programs
In order to facilitate legitimate travel and effectively deploy screening and security resources, CBP
has vetted and enrolled over 780,000 travelers from over 100 countries in four Trusted Traveler
Programs: NEXUS, the Secure Electronic Network for Travelers Rapid Inspection (SENTRI), the
Free and Secure Trade (FAST) program, and Global Entry. These programs expedite travel for
members who voluntarily apply, provide biometric identification, pass extensive vetting, pay a fee,
and provide comprehensive data to CBP for rigorous security threat assessment checks.

Pre-clearance Agreements
DHS has five pre-clearance agreements (with Aruba, Bahamas, Bermuda, Canada and Ireland),
allowing DHS to screen travelers before takeoff through the same process a traveler would undergo
upon arrival at a U.S. port of entry to better target and prevent threats while streamlining legitimate
travel. The preclearance agreements with Aruba, Bermuda and Ireland have been expanded to apply
to private aircraft traveling directly to the U.S.

Immigration Advisory Program
DHS has also implemented 9 Immigration Advisory Program (IAP) arrangements in 7 countries,
which enable CBP officers posted at foreign airports to use advanced targeting and passenger analysis
information to identify high-risk travelers at foreign airports before they board U.S.-bound flights. In
2010, DHS signed agreements to establish similar programs at Mexico City International Airport and
Paris/de Gaulle International Airport.

RECOMMENDATION: Improve airline passenger explosive screening

TSA continually assesses intelligence and develops countermeasures to enhance its multiple layers of
security at airports and onboard aircraft in order to anticipate and mitigate the constantly evolving
threats to aviation security. TSA has deployed more than 50,000 Transportation Security Officers,
Transportation Security Inspectors, and Behavior Detection Officers across the U.S. and all officers
receive extensive advanced explosive training. TSA has also deployed explosive detection
technology, including Advanced Technology X-Ray Machines (which enhance the detection
capabilities of carry-on bag screening), next-generation Explosives Trace Detection Machines (which
improve explosives detection capabilities at airports) and Advanced Imaging Technology Machines
(which allow for increased detection of both metallic and non-metallic threats) to airports across the
country to detect potential threats.

As noted above, the Recovery Act provided $266 million, the FY2010 budget provided $128.7
million, and the President’s FY2011 budget request included $769 million for passenger screening
technologies.

RECOMMENDATION: Improve checked bag and cargo screening

Checked Baggage
TSA screens 100 percent of all checked and carry-on baggage for explosives. As noted above, the
Recovery Act provided $734 million and the FY2010 budget provided $1.028 billion in funding for
new, state-of-the-art in-line explosives detection systems and other technology to streamline checked

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baggage screening at airports throughout the U.S. and hundreds of next generation explosives trace
detection units.

Cargo Screening
Air cargo on passenger aircraft has never been more secure. Currently, 100 percent of identified high
risk international inbound cargo and 100 percent of total cargo on more than 95 percent of all flights
originating from U.S. airports are now being screened.

TSA is on track to meet the Congressionally-mandated 100 percent screening requirement for all air
cargo on domestic passenger aircraft by August 2010. Effective May 1, 2010, 75 percent of cargo on
passenger aircraft departing from U.S. locations are screened under TSA security programs, largely
through the Certified Cargo Screening Program, which permits entities who have undergone rigorous
inspection and certification processes throughout the air cargo supply chain to screen cargo.
Currently, there are over 1.5 million shippers in TSA’s Known Shipper Management System that that
have been certified as meeting specific security standards.

Port Security
CBP has deployed Radiation Portal Monitors and other radiation detection technologies to seaports,
land border ports, and mail facilities around the world. These systems scan 100 percent of all
containerized cargo arriving in the U.S., including 100 percent of vehicles arriving through our
southern border ports, over 99 percent of arriving sea containers, 100 percent of trucks and 100
percent of personal vehicles arriving at our northern border ports.

DHS has also implemented the Secure Freight Initiative to scan U.S.-bound maritime containers for
nuclear material overseas and the Container Security Initiative to ensure that all U.S.-bound maritime
containers that pose a potential risk are identified and inspected before they are placed on vessels
destined for the U.S.

Canine Teams
Canine teams are an integral part of DHS’s layered approach to baggage and cargo security and are
deployed by TSA, CBP and USCG in their respective environments. CBP deploys canine detection
teams at and between ports of entry, expediting inspections along the border to combat terrorist
threats and interrupt the illegal smuggling of drugs, currency, firearms, humans, and agricultural
products. TSA deploys canine teams to screen air cargo at the nation’s highest cargo volume airports
and provide explosives detection capabilities in the aviation, mass transit, and maritime transportation
sectors. Finally, USCG deploys canine explosive detection teams to strategic U.S. ports to enhance
security throughout the maritime transportation sector. The Recovery Act provided $150 million for
the Transportation Security Grant Program, of which $78 million is being used by transit agencies to
hire new law enforcement officers and by police departments with dedicated transit bureaus to hire
anti-terrorism personnel, purchase anti-terrorism equipment, and obtain and train explosive detection
canines.

Nuclear Detection
DHS’s Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) works to improve the Nation’s capability to
detect and report unauthorized attempts to import, develop, or transport nuclear or radiological
material for use against the U.S. DNDO has worked with intra- and inter-agency partners to develop
strategies for improving the probability of detecting and interdicting radiological and nuclear
threats. Since its inception, DNDO has launched more than 250 research and development projects

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with National Laboratory, academic, and industrial partners, aimed at advancing detection
technologies. DNDO has also made radiological and nuclear detection training available to over
15,000 state and local officers and first responders. In order to meet the challenge of the global
helium 3 shortage, DNDO is aggressively bringing alternative technologies for helium 3 from
concept to product through a rapid acquisition process, expediting new and innovative detection
technology.

DNDO works across DHS to develop nuclear detection capabilities throughout the transportation
sectors. TSA’s VIPR Program is currently working in conjunction with DNDO and DOE and has the
capability to deploy preventative radiological and nuclear detection equipment to the field. CBP has
deployed hundreds of Radiation Portal Monitors to ports of entry, airports and seaports to screen cars,
trucks, and other conveyances for the presence of radioactive and nuclear materials. Finally, all
USCG teams are now equipped with radiation detection capabilities, including USCG personnel
specifically trained to board and search vessels.

In March 2010, DHS renewed a Project Arrangement “Concerning the Detection of Illicit Movement
of Radiological and Nuclear Materials” with the U.K. to address information and data sharing
between the countries in the development of radiation and nuclear detection equipment and
technology.

RECOMMENDATION: Vigorously track and disrupt terrorist financing

Disrupting terrorist financing is one of a number of tools that the U.S. Government employs to
counter terrorism. The Secret Service has expanded its Electronic Crimes Task Force (ECTF)
program across the country and internationally, with its first international ECTF in Rome, Italy. These
task forces are designed to prevent, detect, and investigate various forms of electronic crimes,
including potential terrorist attacks against critical infrastructure and financial payment systems.
Additionally, the Secret Service has Special Agents assigned to all Joint Terrorism Task Forces
around the country. These locally-based facilities partner federal, state and local law enforcement and
intelligence agencies to target and prevent terrorist activities.

Furthermore, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has a lead role in combating bulk cash
smuggling, a common strategy used by criminals seeking to move illicit proceeds across transnational
borders. ICE’s Operation Firewall, a bulk-cash smuggling initiative that intercepts currency
smuggling en route to the border, has led to more than hundreds of arrests and the seizure of more
than $316 million, including $116 million seized overseas. ICE has provided outreach and training on
the interdiction and investigation of bulk currency violations to more than 2,500 law enforcement,
financial, and government officials in more than 85 countries.

ICE also developed the Cornerstone Initiative to detect and close gaps within U.S. financial, trade,
and transportation sectors that can be exploited by criminal networks, and ICE’s Trade Transparency
Units target money laundering and illegal trade transactions. These Trade Transparency Units have
launched over 600 trade-based money laundering investigations, seizing more than $180 million
since 2004.

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SECURING OUR BORDERS

RECOMMENDATION: Standardize secure identification

DHS strongly supports national standards for identification documents to strengthen security while
enhancing privacy safeguards. Over the past several years, DHS has taken numerous steps to
implement this recommendation to help prevent terrorism, reduce fraud, and improve the reliability
and accuracy of personal identification documents.

Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI)
In June 2009, DHS successfully implemented the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) for
land and sea travel to the U.S., increasing border security while facilitating legitimate travel and trade
by requiring that U.S. and Canadian citizens present a passport or other secure travel document that
denotes identity and citizenship when crossing the border.

In response to WHTI, CBP is working with tribes across the country on the development of Enhanced
Tribal Cards (ETC)—WHTI compliant documents that formally recognize tribal membership and
U.S./Canadian citizenship for the purpose of border crossing. To date, CBP has signed Memorandum
of Agreements for the development of ETCs with the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, the Pascua Yaqui of
Arizona, the Tohono O’Odham of Arizona, the Seneca Nation of New York, and the Coquille of
Idaho, and is working with additional tribes on the ETC initiative.

Drivers License Security
Under DHS’s Driver’s License Grant Security Grant Program, states have made substantial progress
in improving the security and integrity of their driver’s licenses and issuance processes. Over the past
3 years, this program has provided $176.4 million to states to assist with implementing these security
procedures.

DHS continues to work with states and territories, congressional allies, and the National Governors
Association to enhance the security of driver’s licenses while reforming and resolving many of the
concerns in the REAL ID Act through legislation.

Transportation Worker Identity Credential (TWIC) Program
DHS has enrolled over 1.6 million port workers and merchant mariners in the Transportation Worker
Identity Credential (TWIC) program, a tamper-resistant biometric credential issued to those who
require unescorted access to secure areas of ports and vessels.

Citizenship and Immigration Documents
In May 2010, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) launched a new card
personalization system with state-of-the-art technology that enhances the verification and sharing of
electronic records. USCIS redesigned all of its secure identity documents to comport with the latest
DHS and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards, as well as best practices in
industry and government.

The new Permanent Resident Card (“green card”) includes a radio frequency identification tag that
allows CBP to quickly access the electronic records of travelers seeking to enter the United States and
includes new security features that reduce the risks of counterfeiting, tampering, and fraud.
Additionally, USCIS updated the Employment Authorization Document by adding a machine-

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readable zone that for the first time allows USCIS to share data through these work authorization
cards with CBP and U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology (US-VISIT).

RECOMMENDATION: Integrate border security into larger network of screening points that
includes the transportation system and access to vital facilities

Biometric Entry-Exit Screening System
The US-VISIT biometric identity and verification process collects digital fingerprints and a
photograph from international travelers at U.S. visa-issuing post and ports of entry to help
immigration officers determine whether a person is eligible to receive a visa or enter the United
States. US-VISIT also supports the Department’s ability to identify international travelers who have
remained in the United States beyond their period of admission. To date, DHS has achieved ten-
fingerprint collection at entry for 98 percent of inbound travelers.

Visa Waiver Program and Lost and Stolen Passport Screening
The Visa Waiver Program (VWP) enables nationals of 36 participating countries to travel to the
United States for tourism or business for stays of 90 days or less without obtaining a visa. DHS
implemented the Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA) to screen VWP applicants prior
to travel to the United States and, as a result, has virtually eliminated the paper arrival/departure form
(Form I-94W) for authorized travelers from nations participating in the VWP.

DHS—in cooperation with the Departments of State and Justice—has made substantial progress in
bringing VWP countries into compliance with the information sharing requirements of the 9/11 Act.
The 9/11 Act requires VWP countries to enter into an agreement with the United States to report lost
and stolen passport data to the United States so that it can be screened against INTERPOL’s Stolen
and Lost Travel Document database, which contains the lost and stolen passport records of more than
120 countries. To date, 32 of the 36 VWP countries have reached such agreements.

In addition, DHS, in collaboration with the Departments of Justice and State, has signed Preventing
and Combating Serious Crime (PCSC) Agreements with 14 VWP countries to share information to
better identify known terrorists and criminals during investigations and other law enforcement
activities.

Visa Security Program (VSP)
DHS is expanding the Visa Security Program (VSP) to U.S. Embassies and Consulates identified by
the Departments of State and Homeland Security as having the highest risk from a terrorism
perspective, subject to appropriations and Departmental approval. DHS provides expert advice and
training to consular officers regarding specific security threats relating to the adjudication of
individual visa applications; reviews applications; and conducts investigations with …