NURSING – Evidence Based Practice Poster and Presentation (APA FORMAT and ZERO PLAGIARISM)

How to Make an Effective Poster

David C Shelledy PhD RRT

Introduction
Purpose of the Poster Presentation
Components of a Research Poster

Banner
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
Tables and Figures

Technical Details
Summary

Poster presentations given at scientific meetings are widely used in medicine, nursing, and allied
health professions to communicate research findings. A good poster presentation can be an
effective way to share the results of your research with your peers, in a collegial and non-
threatening atmosphere. Feedback received during a poster session can be invaluable in refin-
ing your research and preparing for publication in a peer reviewed journal. A typical poster
presentation follows the same format as a scientific paper. Poster sections include a title banner,
the abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, conclusions, and tables and figures.
Technical details of poster production include decisions on what materials and methods to use
to print and display your poster, font size, whether to use a professional graphics department
for production, and cost. Presentation of your research at a professional meeting can be a
rewarding experience, and is a useful step toward publishing your research in a respected
science journal. Key words: research, publications, exhibits, medical illustration, conferences and
congresses, tables and charts. [Respir Care 2004;49(10):1213–1216. © 2004 Daedalus Enterprises]

Introduction

Abstract and poster presentations are widely used at
scientific meetings, conferences, and assemblies to com-

municate research findings in the biophysical sciences,1

medicine,2– 4 nursing,5– 6 and allied health professions.7– 8

Poster presentations can also effectively promote learning
and foster critical thinking skills among health science
students.9 –12 Developing an effective poster presentation
is a skill that is easy to learn and provides a rewarding way
for you to present the results of your research in a collegial

David C Shelledy PhD RRT is affiliated with the College of Health-
Related Professions, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences,
Little Rock, Arkansas.

David C Shelledy PhD RRT presented a version of this article at the
RESPIRATORY CARE Journal symposium, “How to Write and Present a
Successful OPEN FORUM Abstract,” at the 47th International Respiratory
Congress, held December 1–4, 2001, in San Antonio, Texas.

Correspondence: David C Shelledy PhD RRT, College of Health-Related
Professions, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W
Markham, Slot 619, Little Rock AR 72205-7199. E-mail:
[email protected].

RESPIRATORY CARE • OCTOBER 2004 VOL 49 NO 10 1213

and supportive atmosphere that can be less intimidating
than a formal lecture presentation, especially for a novice
researcher. In this article I will describe the purpose of the
poster presentation, the components of a good poster, and
some technical details related to poster production.

Purpose of the Poster Presentation

The purpose of a poster presentation is to clearly and
effectively communicate the results of your research to
your peers in a format that stimulates interaction and dis-
cussion. Presenting at a scientific meeting or assembly
such as the OPEN FORUM at the International Respiratory
Congress of the American Association for Respiratory Care
provides you the opportunity to meet people who have
similar interests and to receive feedback and suggestions.
That feedback can be helpful when it is time to write your
research paper for journal submission, as well as for con-
tinuing, modifying, or expanding your research efforts.
Colleagues’ feedback at a poster presentation often leads
to new and better ideas for additional research and to
useful suggestions for improving your research and your
presentation of it. In any event, developing your abstract
and poster presentation is an important step toward win-
ning acceptance and publication of your research in a re-
spected peer-reviewed science journal such as RESPIRA-
TORY CARE. In addition, your presentation may lead to
recognition from peers and colleagues, which can advance
your career. As another benefit, OPEN FORUM abstracts are
published in RESPIRATORY CARE. However, the most im-
portant reason for your poster presentation is to advance
the science and practice of respiratory care.

There are 3 basic types of poster presentations: original
study; evaluation of a method, device, or protocol; and
case report or case series. An original study typically leads
to a traditional research report, using an accepted research
methodology. Examples include descriptive research, ob-
servational studies, retrospective studies, and experiments.
An evaluation of a method, device, or protocol generally
describes a systematic evaluation of a newer technique or
device. Examples include evaluations of new measure-
ment devices (eg, oximeters, blood gas analyzers, moni-
toring equipment, spirometers) or new equipment for de-
livering respiratory care. An evaluation should include the
results and interpretation of any tests performed and your
experience with the device, method, or protocol. A case
report presents an uncommon clinical case that has excep-
tional educational value. A case report can also report the
effect of a new or improved method of management or
treatment. Case reports should provide patient data and
responses, as well as details of interventions.

Methods for presenting your research poster include the
use of bullet points, tables, figures, photographs, and dia-
grams that help explain your research. Regardless of the

style you choose for your poster, the traditional compo-
nents of a research report will be included: abstract, intro-
duction (or background), methods, results, discussion, and
conclusions. When properly done, the poster presentation
will lead to a full journal paper submission. The materials
and methods used to make a poster range from a “do it
yourself” approach (which minimizes costs) to complete
support provided by a university or hospital graphics de-
partment. Methods to produce a professional quality poster
at a reasonable cost are described below.

Components of a Research Poster

Banner

A poster’s banner (Fig. 1) shows the title, author(s), and
institution. The display board for a poster is typically 4
feet tall by 6 feet wide. The banners should be 10 –12
inches tall and 4 feet wide. The banner’s print should be
legible at 20 feet. The banner may be mounted on mat
board or printed on roll paper. The banner should have
1-inch margins on all sides. Most authors include their
institution’s logo or seal on the left side of the banner.

Abstract

The abstract section of the poster must accurately sum-
marize the hypothesis or research question, the methods,
the data, and the conclusions described in the other sec-
tions of the poster. The abstract should be the same as the
one submitted for consideration in applying to make the
poster presentation. The font size should generally be 16 –18
points for the abstract, introduction, methods, results, and
conclusions sections of your poster. The text of your poster
should be legible at a distance of 3 feet or more. I recom-
mend using Times, Times New Roman, Arial, or Helvetica
typeface.

Introduction

The introduction section of your poster should address
the question, “Why did you start this research?” This sec-
tion clearly defines the topic and explains what was stud-
ied and why—the rationale and importance of your study.
The introduction should also include your research ques-
tion(s) and/or the hypotheses you tested. The introduction
section can consist of text and/or bullet points, depending
on your personal preference and on which method makes
the information clearest and easiest to read. I prefer to use
text as the general format for a poster, as it makes it easier
to convert the poster into a full-length paper for journal
submission. Use the same typeface and font size for all
sections of the poster, with the exception that the font size
in tables and figures may be different (typically, smaller).

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Methods

The methods section of your poster should explain what
you did. Ideally, the methods section gives enough infor-
mation to allow another researcher to replicate the study,
though that may not be possible in a poster, because of
space considerations. The paper you submit to a scientific
journal must provide enough detail for study replication.
On your poster the methods section should provide enough
detail to allow another researcher to judge if the study
design was adequate to answer your research questions
and/or test your hypotheses, and thus to judge the validity
of your study. Your data analysis and/or statistics used
should also be described, including what p value you chose
to indicate statistically significant differences. The meth-
ods section should also indicate:

• The population and subjects studied

• How subjects were selected

• How subjects were assigned to the study groups (ran-
domly or by some other means)

• The interventions or exposures, procedures, and/or pro-
tocols you studied

• Whether the subjects and/or the researchers were blinded

• What devices you used (include the model name/num-
ber, manufacturer name, and what city and state the
manufacturer is in)

• What outcomes were measured

Results

The results section presents what you found in your
study. This section includes your statistical analysis and
tables and/or figures showing your data. Tables and fig-
ures should be used to clarify and depict your study’s
results, and they should be clear, self explanatory, and
uncomplicated. Figures must include legends.

Discussion

The discussion section tells what you think your results
mean. This section may also present supporting evidence
from published reports. Any contradictory findings should
be addressed, and the limitations of your study should be
described.

Conclusions

In a poster you may create a separate conclusions sec-
tion, or use the last paragraph of the discussion section to
state your conclusions, whereas in a paper submitted to a
journal the conclusions (or summary) section is required.
Your conclusions should directly relate to your study’s
research questions and hypotheses and should be supported
by and consistent with your study results.

Tables and Figures

Tables and figures are used to clarify and display study
results. Tables and figures should be used only if they

Fig. 1. The general layout of a poster presentation. The box at the top is the banner.

HOW TO MAKE AN EFFECTIVE POSTER

RESPIRATORY CARE • OCTOBER 2004 VOL 49 NO 10 1215

present your data more clearly and make your results easier
to interpret than would text. Generally, tables and figures
appear only in the results section, but in some cases there
may be cause to use them in other sections. Tables are gen-
erally used to report data or list information. Figures are
reserved for graphs, line drawings, photographs and radio-
graphs. Figures may be in black-and-white or color, but when
designing a figure it may be best to use black-and-white only,
on the assumption that your poster presentation will lead to
submitting a paper to a scientific journal. It is unlikely that a
scientific journal will publish the figure in color, and at that
point the figure would have to be reworked to account for the
loss of color. You must obtain copyright permission for a
borrowed figure, and you must have a letter of consent from
any individual who is identifiable in a photograph you intend
to use as a figure.

Technical Details

The typeface and font size should be such that your
poster can be easily read from a distance of 3 feet or more.
The banner should be legible from at least 20 feet. Figure
1 shows the general layout of a conference poster.

Options for printing your poster include doing the work
yourself or using a graphics department at your institution
or a commercial graphics company. We use our graphics
department for banners, and we do the rest of the printing
and poster mounting within our department. A full-color,
laminated roll poster done by a graphics department can
cost as much as $600. A banner with the institutional seal
generally costs about $35. We then purchase glossy paper,
mat board, and related supplies, and print our own text and
figures using either a laser printer or good-quality color
printer. This keeps the cost down to only a few dollars.

For printing we use a laser printer and print the text for
each section on 8.5�11-inch glossy paper, in landscape
orientation. We prefer Arial typeface and 24-point font.
For all the poster’s sections other than the banner we set
the printer margins at 0.75 inches on all sides, for sections
that will fit on a single sheet of paper. When 2 or more
pages need to be aligned to result in a section length of
� 8.5 inches, the margins of the pages to be fitted together
are set at 0.2 inches on the bottom of the first sheet and 0.2
inches on the top of the second sheet, which allows the 2
sheets to be mounted on the mat board as one continuous
sheet. Any excess paper at the bottom of a sheet is trimmed
using a large paper cutter and leaving a 1-inch margin.

Another option is to set up your poster presentation as a
series of Microsoft PowerPoint slides. The sections and
sequence of your presentation are the same as described

above, but each slide is printed on an 8.5�11-inch sheet of
high-quality paper. Each slide is then mounted on mat
board or poster paper, with 1-inch borders on all sides.
Banners can be printed with any of several word process-
ing programs, and the separate sheets are taped together to
form one continuous roll. Regardless of the method you
choose, doing most of the work yourself can save consid-
erably on production costs.

Summary

The poster presentation is an opportunity to clearly and
effectively communicate the results of your research to
peers and colleagues. Participation in a poster session will
provide you an opportunity to meet with others and to
receive feedback and suggestions on your research. Par-
ticipation in poster sessions such as the OPEN FORUM can
lead to recognition and career advancement. It will also be
a useful step toward publishing your research in a re-
spected science journal. Doing research and presenting
your findings is an essential activity to advance the science
and practice of respiratory care.

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