Self- Awareness • Shared Purpose •

5.31

I. There is no World History, Only World Histories

All human cultures have history.
•
Those histories change as the culture changes.
•
A world history that included everything that happened would as useless as a map that •
included everything on Earth.

II. Histories are produced by cultures based on:

Self- Awareness
•
Shared Purpose
•

III. This course will show that:

We are aware of ourselves as a global community due to historical processes that began in the •
15th century.

The global scale of contemporary challenges gives us a shared purpose.
•

I. The Americas

A. The Aztec Empire, 1325-1519

1. Los Mexicas.

2. Tenochtitlan.

B. The Inca Empire, 1400-1532

1. Quipu

2. Manchu Pichu

II. Maritime Empires of South and East Asia

A. Mughal India

1. Nur Jahan and Emperor Akbar

2. Delhi

B. Ming China

1. Examination System

2. Forbidden City, Beijing

C. Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

1. Han’ gul System in Korea

2. Tokugawa Shogunate

III. Land Empires of West Asia

A. Ottoman Empire

1. Sultan Sulayman

2. Constantinople

B. Iran

1. Safavid Dynasty

2. Isfahan

C. Russia

1. Tsar (“Caesar”) Ivan III

2. Moscow

IV. Europe

A. Mediterranean Sea: Italian city states

B. Atlantic Ocean: Spain and Portugal

V. Theocratic World Views

6.1

I. Epistemically Shift: From theology to Scientific Faith

A. New World Challenges to Old World Religious Powers

1. Copernicus, 1543.

2. Galileo, 1632.
3. 16th and 17th European Wars of Religion as Epistemically Battle

a. Protestant: Individual relationship to God.

b. Catholic: Hierarchy and mediated realationship to God.

B. Natural Philosophy

1. Empiricism

2. Scientific Method

3. Royal Societies

II. Empire and Science

A. Non-Western lands as the laboratory for the New Science.

1. 18th c. Voyages of James Cook.

2. Carl Linnaeus Natural Systems, 1730-1760s.

B. European limitations and assumptions shaped their observations.

1. Persistence of pre-modern beliefs.

2. European science dependent upon non-western knowledge.

3. Europeans continues to borrow from Asian Empires.

4. Technology and the “Civilizing Mission”

a. See Adas excerpt.

III. Knowledge, Efficiency and the Market

A. Rationalized Production.

1. Subsistence Economies to Monoculture

6.3

The Science of Society

I. From Wise Monarch to Reasoning Individual

A. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, 1651

B. John Locke, Two Treatises on government, 1689.

C. Mary Astell, A serious Proposal to the Ladies, for the Advancement of their True and
Greatest Interest. By a lover of her sex, 1696.

a. If all Men are born Free, how is it that all Women are born Slaves?

II. 18th Century Enlightenments

A. From Natural Philosophy to Social Philosophy

B. Salon Culture in Europe

C. Intellectual Movements in non-Western Cultures.

1. Confucian revival of knowledge

2. Islamic doctrinal controversies

3. Bengali Renaissance.

a. Ranmohan Roy, 1771-1883

III. From Divine Monarchy to Constitutional Democracy

A. Voltaire: Satiric critique of Ancien Regime.

B. Montesquieu: Separation of powers.

C. Adam Smith: Economic Science.

D. Thomas Jefferson: Equality.

E. Rousseau: The General Will.

IV. Contradictions of Liberal Democracy

A. Who is “rational”?

B. How are conflicts resolved?

C. Why is the institution of marriage and the nature of the family not subject to scientific
critique?

D. Why is the majority of the world excluded from the democratic state?

Abolition Movement
1.
Women Enlightenment Philosophers
2.

a. Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792

Revolutions in the West and

I. The Science of Society to Political Revolution

A. From Subject to Citizen

B. From faith to Reason

C. Political Power to Match Economic Power.

II. Contradictions of the Modern Liberal State

A. Who get to be a citizen?

B. Nationalism as the new religion.

C. Labor as the source of economic power.

III. Examples of Modern Political Revolutions

A. English Civil War and Revolution, 1640-1688

1. Bill of Rights

B. US War of Independence, 1763-1783

1. To preserve existing power, not to “revolt”.

2. Declaration of Independence, 1776.

3. Federated Colonies and Militias

a. George Washington

4. Also the continuation of warfare between France and Britain.

5. Victory followed by a conservative Constitution.

C. French Revolution, 1789-1815

1. True revolution at the center of the Western world.

2. Revolt of the Third Estate

a. National Assembly

b. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

c. Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity

3. Women’s March on Versailles

a. Moving the action to Paris and the streets.

4. Conservative Constitution

5. Radical Revolution, 1793-1795

a. Sans Culottes

b. society of Revolutionary and Republican Women

c. abolition

D. The Citizen’s Army

E. Revolutionary Justice

I. Guillotine

F. From the Cult of reason to Cult of the Supreme Being.

The Ideology of Self-Determination and Nationalist Identity

I. Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804

A. St. Domingue: Slaves and sugar cane

B. “Whites,” gens de couleur, slaves.

C. 1790: Liberty equality, fraternity for Haiti

D. 1791: Slave Rebellion

1. Toussaint L’Ouverture

2. Support by radical French Revolution

E. 1804: Republic of Haiti

II. Latin American Wars of Independence,1800-1824

A. Like other American revolutions, sparked by events in revolutionary Europe.

B. Simon Bolivar

C. Unified, but only against Spain

D. Mestizo, Mulattoes, Criollos: Latin America

E. Mexico, 1810-1821

III. French Revolution continues: Napoleon Bonaparte

A. Napoleonic Wars

B. Coup d’etat in the name of the Revolution

C. Revolution comes full circle:

1804. Emperor Napoleon I.

D. Modern Warfare.

1. Fighting for nation, not sovereign.

a. Military conscription

2. Rationalized and centralized administration

a. Road building, standardized unit, and terms,

b. The Civil Code, 1804

3. Commercialized warfare

a. The Continental System

E. Continental Army sows the seeds of nationalism

1. Germany: Confederation of the Rhine

2. Italy: The Carbonari.

3. Latin America: French conquest of Spain

F. Defeat

1. Britain made stronger by the Continental System.

2. Russian military disaster, 1812.

3. Battle of Waterloo, 1815

II. Congress of Vienna

A. Restoration of dynastic families

1. Balance of power.

B. Agreement of mutual protection gains revolution

1. Ideal and language of freedom, equality, and fraternity persists.

IV. Individual and National Liberty

A. Unlimited in theory

B. Contested in practice

Carbon Energy and Global Commerceh

I. Traditional view of the “Industrial Revolution”:

A. Sudden explosion of mechanical invention by individual men with no help from the state.

B. Happened first in Britain and then replicated throughout the West.

C. Created wealth and progress for all.

II. New way to see this period:

A. Slow, overlapping, and discontinuous evolution that required wealth derived from the
Americas.

B. Cooperation and assistance from state was essential.

C. Machines initially less important to economic growth than traditional labor-based
production

D. Long-term effects include a widening of the gap between the rich and the poor and
catastrophic damage to the environment. The beginning of the Anthropocene.

III. First Stages

A. Wealth and nutritious food from Americas

B. Agricultural revolution.

C. Growth in global commerce

1. Shipping, , Insurance, Merchants

D. Availability of cotton from America, Turkey, India.

E. Growing demand

IV. Third big stage in human energy use:

A. Domestication of fire.

B. Domestication of plants and animals

C. Animate to inanimate: Carbon fueled steam to do work

V. Technologies

A. Steam Engine I (Newcomen, 1712)

B. Steam Engine II (James Watt, 1765)

C. Spinning Mule (Samuel Compton, 1775)

D. Steam Factory Production (Josiah Wedgwood, 1782)

E. Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney, 1793)

IV. Steam and transportation

A. Steamboat (Robert Fulton, 1807)

B. Railroad (“The Rocket,” 1829)

VII. Coal and Mining

A. Family/Child Labour

B. 12 hours, 7 days

C. Extremely dangerous

VIII. The Anthropocene

Carbon Energy, Urbanization and Modern Family

I. Displacements

A. Laborers

B. Asian Markets

II. Laissez-Faire?

A. Patents and legal prohibitions

B. Tariffs

C. Industrial discipline

D. Control over imperial lands and labour

E. Customer, especially for military

III. Urbanization

A. Subsistence Economy to Money Economy

B. Subsistence:

1.Mode of human economy until modern period.

a. Remains dominant in non-Western world until 20th c.

2. Produce to consume

3. diverse agriculture

4. Family/village based

5. No concept of “work”. Life is work.

C. Cash/Commercial Economy:

1. Humans can subsist with only a minority engaged in food production

2. Produce for market, with cash as form of exchange

3. Monoculture/Specialized skills.

4. Separation of home from work. Individual wage earners.

5. Binary social categories:

a. Work time/ “Free” time

b. Cash Exchange/ Use

c. Individual Work/ Family Work

d. Workplace/ Home

e. Work/ Chores

f. Adults/ Children

g. Men Women

D. Rural to Urban

1. Agricultural Revolution

a. Enclosure Movement

b. Role of State

a. Criminal

b. Standards for size, quality

c. Military needs

c. From subsistence economies and local markets to cash economies and global trade.

E. 19th c. Abolition of serfdom in Eastern Europe and Russia

1. 1763: Prussia

2. 1781: Austrian Empire

3. 1861: Russian Empire

F. Population Growth

G. Urban Conditions

1. Poverty and its effects now visible

2. Density and lack of sewage systems

3. Disease

4. Crime/Darkness

6/7

Session 9
Responses to Industrialization and The Modern Family

I. Responses to Industrialization

A. Workers/Peasants

1. Emigration.

a. Vast movement of Europeans all over the world.

b. Eg.: The Irish Potato Famine, 1845-1852

B. Protest

1. Subsistence Riots

a. Luddites

2. Labor Movements

a. Strikes

3. Revolution

B. Middle Class

1. Ideologies

a. Liberalism

b. Socialism

c. Romanticism

d. Nationalism

II. The Family and Gender

A. “Work” no longer goes in the home

B. The home becomes a “haven” presided over by “angels” : women.

C. Origins of the “breadwinner”

D. Descriptive of few, but prescriptive for all

1. Almost all women continue to work

a. But their labour not considered to be”work”.

b. Women’s work made harder by the conditions of urban life

2. Throughout the 19th c, the largest sector of the western economy, other agriculture, is
domestic service, and almost entirely female occupation.

Session 10

Mid-Century Revolts and Civil Wars

I. Contradictions of the 19th century state and empire

A. Class

B. Gender

C, Global capitalism and imperialism

II. 1848

A. France

1. Restored Monarchy

2. Second Republic

3. Second Empire

B. Germany

C. Austrian Empire

1. Dual Monarchy, 1867

D. Britain

1. Chartist Movement

2. Reform Acts: 1832,1867,1884

III. The United States Civil War

1. National unification

2. Industrial warfare

IV. The Rights of Women: 1848

A. Les Femmes Libres

B. Seneca Falls

V. Tapping Rebellion

A. Christian missionaries and despair in the countryside

B. Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace

C. Anti-Manchu (Qing)

D. Western military aid

VI. India’s First War of Independence (Sepoy Rebellion, Indian Mutiny)

A. British East Indies Company

B. Christian missionaries in diverse India

C. End of Mughal Dynasty

D. Beginning of British Raj

VII. Revolts by Indigenous and African Americans

A. Yucatán Rebellion, 1847 and beyond

1. Mayan

B. Métis Rebellion, 1867,1885

C. Mordant Bay, 1865

1. British violence

6/8

Session 11

The Second “Industrial Revolution”

I. “Second Industrial Revolution”

A. Most of the world never went through the “first”.

B. Shift in power from Britain to Germany and the US

C. Speed and Virtual Reality

II. Technologies

A. Electricity

1. Power Transmission

2. Light

3. Sound

a. Telephone, 1876.

c. Phonograph,1877

a. Telegraph

I. 1844: Baltimore to Washington D.C

II. Transatlantic: 1869

III. Trans-Pacific, 1902

d. Wireless Telegraphy (radio), 1985

4. Transit

1. Electric Trolleys and Trains

2. Individual speed: bicycles

B. Steel

1. Vertical cities

C. Chemicals

1. Consumer Products

2. Drugs

3. Fertilizer

4. Explosives

D. Petroleum

1. Carbon Energy better than coal

2. Motors

3. Motor Cars

4. Aeroplanes

Session 12

II. Mass Consumption and Culture

A. Advertising and Print Culture

1. Shopping

2. Credit

B. Health and Eugenics

C. Mass Entertainment

Carbon Energy and Global Commerce

Global Commerce
I. Acceleration

A. Mass, carbon-based production vastly increases the number of goods

B. Same forces lower their price

C. Cheap iron, steel, pesticides, fertilizer increases agricultural yield which is shipped around
the world

D. Telegraphs allow price comparison and quicker market transactions

II. Rapid Global Movement

A. Carbon-based water travel

1. Steamships, coal then oil

2. Atlantic first crossed by steam in 1838, Pacific by 1853

3. Time to cross Atlantic:

a. In 1492 (sail): over 2 months

b. In 1900 (steam): about 5 days

B. Carbon-based land travel

1. Railroads

a. By 1880s, Western built and financed railroads all over the world

b. Increasing speed

C. Urban railroads

I. Usually electric with coal-fired generators

d. Refrigerated railroad cars

2. Motor Cars

a. Individual Mobility

b. Traffic Chaos

C. Carbon-based air travel

1. All powerful humans!

III. Shrinking of the Globe

A. The annihilation of time and space

B. The Suez Canal, completed 1869

C. American “Manifest Destiny”

1. Transcontinental Railroad, completed 1869

D. Panama Canal

1. British, French, American rivalry

2. About 30000 workers died

3. Completed 1914.

E. Tran Siberian Railway

1. 9,289 km, Longest rail line in the world

2. Completed 1916

Session 13

Global Commerce and Imperialism

IV. Imperial Commerce

A. Source of raw materials and captive markets

B. Non-Western World “de-industrialized”

C. Accelerated transit and information makes conquest and control easier

1. Compare earlier agrarian empires

D. Cheap and abundant food for the West; Famine for the East.

1. Global famines: 1875-1878, 1896-1902, 1907, 1911

E. Modern state power required to industrialize

1. Example: Egyptian cotton industry

F. Western view of imperial capitalism

1. Joseph

Session 14

Midterm Review

Modern Global History
Nature of History

Is There a global community today?

Where should its Story begin and why?

The Atlantic Slave Trade

A. key to European wealth

B. Originally centered in the topics: sugar cane

C. Impact to Africa

D. Mass production for a mass market

Global Commerce: 15th – 18th c.

A. Europeans: Violent Sailors

B. Market advantages of American conquest

C. Global Political Conquest

1. Example: Fall of Ming Dynasty

2. Example: European Protestant Revolution and Wars of Religion

Empires and Modern Science

Theology to Empiricism

Wars of Religion

Europeans depended upon non-European environments as laboratories and non- Europeans
as guides/teachers

Science and the economy

Political Revolutions in the West

The “Science of society” and the development of modern liberal theory

The contradictions of the liberal state

Examples in Europe and the Americas

Nationalism

Role of French Revolution the Napoleonic Wars

Nationalism as a form of religion

Carbon Energy

New Way of Seeing the “Industrial Revolution”

The Anthropocene

Steam engines: coal and iron

Electricity, Steel, Chemicals, Oil

Mass Culture

Effects

Urbanization

From subsistence to cash to cities

Changes in ways of understanding the world and the family

Urban environments

Responses

Global Commerce: 19th and early 20th c.

The Great Acceleration

Markets

Transport

Communication

The Shrinking of the globe

Imperial extractions and forced consumption

Session 15

The New Imperialism
I. Imperialism changes as world shrinks

A. Compare with pre-industrial imperialism

1. “Colonization” v. Imperialism

2. New Imperialism is mostly in the “Old World”

a. Eradication not possible

b. Continued power of old agrarian empires

C. Western empire does continue to expand in Americas

3. Competition for habitat

a. Darwin and evolutionary theory

I. Counter to liberal theory

b. Social Darwinism

B. Types of Empire

1. Formal

a. Example: India under the British

I. Though some princely state retain “Sovereignty” as protectorates

2. Protectorates

b. Example: Niger River under the British

3. Informal

a. Egypt under British

4. Less visible rule the best for colonizers, but hard to maintain

5. Scale

a. Considered as one empire, Western empire at the height of New Imperialism Largest in
World history

b. Britain alone had imperial control over more Thant 25% of world’s land surface

B. New Technologies

1. Carbon based machinery and transit

2. Medicines

3. Industrial weapons

C, New demand for tropical products

1. Rubber, palm oil, ivory, lumber, coffee

D. Growing demand for captive markets

1. Products of 2nd Industrial Revolution

E. As always: Scientific quests and religious Missions

III. Empire as nationalist cause

A. New need to appease the masses

IV. Bringing the empire home

A. Mass press, advertising

B. Expositions

VI. Imperial exchange

A. Not equal, but a two-way street

B. Westernizing movements in the East; “ Orientalism” in the West.

VII. Western critics of empire

A. J.A. Hobson

VIII. Pre-industrial colonies into imperial land grabbers

A. Canada

B. Australia

C. United States

1. Also overseas imperialist after Spanish American War of 1898

Session 16

The New Imperialism and East Asia

I. China, 1842-1911

A. Background

1. Qing Dynasty

2. McCartney Mission

B. Opium War and the Treaty of Nanking

1. “Free Trade”

2. Hong Kong

3. Extraterritoriality

C. Self-Strengthening Movement

1. Response to defeat

2. Blend of East and West

a. Led by politicians like Li HongZhang

D. Tailing Rebellion/Civil War

1. Cultural and economic disruptions brought by Western market penetration

2. Leader of rebellion claimed to be brother of Christ; syncretic millenarian ideology
inspired the rebels

3. Qing leaders like Li HongZhang turned to West for assistance in putting down the
rebellion, which led to further Western market penetration and disruption

4. Catastrophic death toll, estimated between 20-70 million

E. Mass emigration of Chinese, especially to the Americas

1. Made possible by accelerated transit

2. Chinese labor in building railroads and mines made further accelerated transit possible.

F. Western opium trade continues to grow

1. Throughout Asia

2. Throughout world

a. Recreation/Addiction

b. Medicine/Addiction

G. Famines in 1870s and 1890s

1. Caused by the combination of severe weather and the abrupt change from subsistence to
market economies

2. Global market in agricultural commodities drew what grain was produced in China to
higher paying buyers in the West

3. Estimated losses of between 10 and 30 million

H. Increased cotton cultivation for export to manufacturing countries

1. Led to decline of China’s peasant-based, hand-manufactured textile economy

I. Further market penetration through “free trade” treaty ports

1. Example: Germans in Shandong Province, with its capital in Tsingtao.

J. Sino-Japanese War, 1894-95

1. Humiliating defeat by Japan

2. Treaty of Shimonoseki gave Japan control of Taiwan, and de facto control of Korea.

K. Boxer Rebellion, 1900

1. Nationalist students led rebellion against Qing rulers and against foreign presence in
China

a. Once again, the Qing call upon the West (and Japan) to defend it from internal
rebellion, further weakening the dynasty’s powers.

b. International coalition (“Eight Nation Alliance”) deployed to Beijing and succeeded in
suppressing revolt, publicly executing thousands of rebels

L. Revolution, 1911

1. Moderate, Western-educated Sun Yat-sen and other modernizing nationalists overthrew
the Qing Dynasty and declared the Republic of China

2. Unlike the leaders of the Taiping or the Boxers, the Nationalists did not resist Western
economic and cultural presence

3. Disunity among the nationalists splintered the Republic, and kept China internally divided
until the invasion by Japan in 1937.

II. Japan, 1853-1910

A. Background

1. “Dutch Learning”

B. 1853: U.S. expedition led by Admiral Perry

Used industrialized weaponry to forcibly “open” Japan to free trade.

1. American penetration was limited, especially after the onset of the US civil War.

C. 1868: Partly as a response to Western threat, modernizing forces overthrew the Tokugawa
Shogunate and restored the Meiji Emperor as a figurehead leader. Rapid educational, military,
and economic modernization followed.

1. The Japanese Constitution adopted the liberal terms of individual freedom, while
preserving the emperor and maintaining actual control in a narrow, military elite.

D. Dino-Japanese War, 1894-1895: Japan defeated China; acquired Taiwan and gained more
control of Korea

1. Japanese merchants and manufacturers invested in cotton cultivation in China, Korea,
India, elsewhere

E. Russo-Japanese War, 1905.

1. War between Russia and Japan over control of Manchuria (technically part of Chinese
territory). Japan decisively defeated Russia, confounding the accepted science of the time that
considered “Mongolians” (East Asians) less evolved than “Caucasians” (Russians)

2. Japanese victory celebrated by many non-Western anti imperial and nationalist
movements

F. 1910: Japan formally annexes Korea and Taiwan.

Session 17

South Asia
IV. India (the Raj), 1857-1914

A. Background

1. The Mughal Dynasty

2. British East Indies Company

3. The Battle of Plassey.

B. First War of Independence, 1857-58

1. Opium Trade

2. Soldiers of the British East Indies Co. revolted, launching a rebellion throughout India

3. When the Revolution was finally suppressed, the BEIC handed over responsibility and
control of India to the British state.

C. Global capitalist market penetration, vastly accelerated by the US Civil War, turned much of
India from a subsistence, localized market based economy into a cash, export driven economy.

1. South Asians became producers of raw material (including raw cotton) for export and
consumers of Western manufactured products (including cotton textiles). India “industrialized”,
like China.

2. The imperial state provided infrastructure, criminal and property laws, credit systems,
and tariff protections to force traditional peasant producers into producing for Western markets.

3. The conversion of subsistence lands into single product cultivation created food
insecurity for peasants, who now had to purchase their necessities with cash.

4. Railroads, irrigation, and telegraph communications accelerated production and
integrated South Asians into the global market as debt-laden consumers.

5. Princely states still protectorates or informal rule.

6. Scale of South Asian empire

D. Late 1870s and late 1890s: Global drought and famine led to deaths of millions, especially
in India.

1. Same catastrophe as in China

2. Plague

E. Cultural Exchange

1. Indian travelers in Britain

2. British travelers (and pilgrims and radicals in India)

F. Resistance and Accommodation

1. 1885: Indian National Congress formed to demand equal treatment within the British
Empire. Will eventually call for independence

2. More radical demands came from nationalists like Bal Tilak

a. Swadeshi

b. Hind Swaraj, 1910

1. Written by Gandhi on way back to South Africa from London

2. Alternative definition of “freedom”

6/14

Session 18

The New Imperialism and Southeast Asia

I. Background

A. Asian trade routes

B. Entry by Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch in 16th c

1. Malacca straits

II. Dutch East Indies

A. DEIC: Military force

B. But limited control until 19th c.

C. Headquarters: Batavia (Jakarta)

1. Early global city.

D. Slave-based plantation economy.

E. Dutch expansion of territory and control with technology and markets of New Imperialism.

a. Opium trade.

E. Cultural exchange

1. Rijsttafel

2. Gamelan

F. Imperial gender relations

1. Male Servants

2. Mixed Families

G. Resistance

1. Nationalist movements, though illegal, established throughout Southeast Asia by the late

19th c.

2. Challenges of “nationalism” in the Indonesian archipelago.

III. The Philippines

A. Background

1. Spanish Galleon

B. Spanish American War, 1898

1. Spanish rule overthrown with the assistance of US.

C. US claims Philippines as its protectorate

1. Suppresses the Philippines nationalist forces in a violent counter-insurgence war.

IV. French Indochina
A. French expand into Annan in the mid-19th c.

B. French Indochina

1. Vietnam, 1887

2. Cambodia and Laos, 1897

C. Politics of race

D. Resistance

V. Siam (Thailand)

A. Remains “independent” as a buffer between British and French empires.

Session 19

The New Imperialism and Africa
I. Background

A. Agrarian empires

…