Essay about 4 main tissues

ANS 123: Tissues II 4/2/2021

© YeunShin Lee 2021 1

Neuron types
Categorized based on relationship among soma, dendrites, and 
axon (presented in order of abundance)
• Multipolar: Multiple dendrites that extend from soma in 

opposite direction of the axon
o Most common

• Pseudo‐unipolar: Soma with an axon that has split into 2 
branches; each branch goes in different direction
o “Pseudo” because embryologically they began as unipolar*

• Bipolar: Large single dendrite that extends from soma in 
opposite direction of the axon
o Rare
o Temporarily seen during development

• Unipolar: Soma at one end of single axon
o Messages travel in single direction
o Uncommon in vertebrates

* According to text © 2003. According to Gold & Catania (2008), they begin as biploar

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Queensland Brain Institute

Dentrite

Soma

Glial cells

• Constitute ~ ½ total mass of nervous
tissue
• Provide insulation and structure
o Do not participate in electrical signaling
• Six types

1. Oligodendrocytes
2. Astrocytes
3. Microglia
4. Ependymal cells
5. Schwann cells
6. Satellite cells

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Getty Images

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ANS 123: Tissues II 4/2/2021

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Location & Function of glial cells

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Function

Produce lipid‐
rich myelin 
sheaths that 
wrap around 
some axons 
giving them  

white 
appearance; 
single cell 
produces 
multiple 
sheaths 

Control levels 
of neuro‐

transmitters 
and important 
ions around 
synapses

Immune cells of 
nervous tissue; 

behave as 
macrophages 

Produce 
cerebral‐spinal 

fluid

Produce lipid‐
rich myelin 

sheaths around 
some axons; 
single cell 

produces single
sheath

[NOTE: Text 
considers these to 
be specialized 

oligodendrocytes)

Control levels 
of neuro‐

transmitters 
and important 
ions around 
synapses

Location Central Nervous System Throughout body

Nervous tissue organization

Nervous system: Collection of nervous tissue that interact

1. Central nervous system (CNS) – Consists of the brain and spinal 
cord
o Integrates and coordinates all bodily functions

2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – Consists of bundles of nervous 
tissue that emanate from the central nervous system and 
enervate the body
o Sensory component: Detects stimuli (both internal & external) and 
delivers that information to the CNS

o Motor component: Carries response messages from the CNS to 
appropriate tissues throughout body

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ANS 123: Tissues II 4/2/2021

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PNS bundles
Held together by layers of 
connective tissue
• Epineurium: Wraps around 
bundles of fascicles, blood 
vessels, and adipose tissue to 
form a nerve

• Perineurium: Wraps around 
bundles of endoneurium 
wrapped axons, blood vessels, 
and adipose tissue (e.g., fat) to 
form a fascicle

• Endoneurium: Wraps around a 
single neuron’s axon, its 
associated glial cells and 
capillaries

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Courtesy of OpenStax

Epithelial Tissue

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ANS 123: Tissues II 4/2/2021

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Epithelial tissue

• Covers exposed surfaces of body
o Protects underlying tissue from its 

environment (both internal and external)

• Controls nutrient flow to underlying 
tissues

• Produces secretions via secretory cells
• Aids in sensory communication by 
changing in response to external stimuli
Ex. Cells in taste buds, retinas, and nasal 
cavity linings

• Basal lamina/Basement membrane: 
Extracellular matrix consisting of 
proteins that attaches and anchors 
epithelial tissue to the underlying tissue

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Baker 2016

Types of epithelial tissue

Categorized based on:

• Cell shape/structure

• Layers/thickness

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ANS 123: Tissues II 4/2/2021

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Epithelial cell shape/structure

• Squamous: Thin, pancake‐
shaped

• Cuboidal: All cell dimensions 
relatively equal

• Columnar: Slender and 
elongated

9courtesy of OpenStax

Epithelial tissue layers
• Simple = Single layer
o All cells attached directly to basal 

lamina and nuclei in straight line
o Function: Allows maximal secretion 

and/or absorption

• Stratified = Many layers of cells that 
can be shed easily
o Function: Protects underlying tissue 

from abrasion
• Transitional: specialized stratified layers of 

cuboidal epithelial cells

• Pseudostratified: technically a single
layer of columnar cells that initially 
appeared stratified when first 
discovered by biologists using low‐
tech magnification

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courtesy of OpenStax

Transitional epithelium

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ANS 123: Tissues II 4/2/2021

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Examples of epithelial tissue

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courtesy of OpenStax

Muscle tissue

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ANS 123: Tissues II 4/2/2021

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Muscle tissue

• Functions:
1. Enables movement to occur

• Muscle cells can contract and relax

2. Participates in body’s thermoregulation by producing heat

• Contracting muscle cells generate heat

• Constitutes 30‐40% of total body mass
o Can be major drain on energy efficiency

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Muscle cells

Many names: Muscle fiber, myocyte, myofiber

• Retain ability to change physiology and thus, function 
indefinitely

o Physiological/functional plasticity

o Embryonic, fetal/perinatal, α‐cardiac, Types 1, 2A, 2B, 2X*

* We will re‐visit these in greater detail when we talk about muscle development & growth

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ANS 123: Tissues II 4/2/2021

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Muscle cells: General anatomy
• Sarcolemma = Muscle fiber cell 
membrane
o Highly sensitive & responsive to 

electrical stimulation by motor neurons
o Multiple pores that enable 

communication to occur throughout 
the cell

• Sarcoplasm = Muscle fiber 
cytoplasm
o High concentrations of proteins & 

mitochondria
o Sarcoplasmic reticulum = Muscle fiber 

endoplasmic reticulum
• Repositories of Ca2+

• Cytoskeletal elements
o Actin filaments (microfilaments)
o Myosin 15

Courtesy of OpenStax

Muscle tissue

Types:

1. Cardiac

2. Smooth

3. Skeletal*

* We will spend most of our time talking about 
skeletal muscle

Characterized based on:

• Function
• Cell structure
o Shape
o Number of nuclei
o Presence or absence of striations
• Organization of striations, if present

• Contractions
o Type ‐Voluntary or Involuntary
o Speed
o Direction
o Coordination

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ANS 123: Tissues II 4/2/2021

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Cardiac muscle characteristics

• Function: Rhythmic contractions of heart
• Cell structure
o Shape: Short & branched
o Nuclei #: 1‐2 per cell
o Striations?: Yes
• Interdigitated

• Contractions
o Type: Involuntary
o Speed: Fast & slow
o Direction: Unidirectional
o Coordination: High

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Courtesy of OpenStax

Smooth muscle characteristics

• Function: Move substances within the body
o Surrounds many internal organs & vessels of 
circulatory system

• Cell structure
o Shape: Spindle‐shaped (e.g., thicker in middle; 
tapering toward edges)

o Nuclei #: 1 per cell
o Striations?: No

• Contractions
o Type: Involuntary
o Speed: Slow
o Direction: Multi‐directional
o Coordination: Loose

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Courtesy of OpenStax

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